ft1. The Church in the Roman Empire , pp. 364 ff., 437, etc.; “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , vol. 5; Miss Caroline Skeel, Travel in First Century . ft2. St. Paul the Traveler , pp. 18, 376, etc. ft3. Even in Palestine where they were in permanent possession of part of the country for a considerable time, written memorials of them are extremely rare; one occurs in Quart. Statement, Pal. Expl. Fund , 1901, p. 408, and another is there quoted on p. 409. ft4. Expositor, 1888, 8, p. 407-8. ft5. Expositor , 1888, 8, p. 407. ft6. Conington’s Translation. ft7. See the quotations from Philo, Pliny, Appian, Plutarch, Epictetus, Aristides, etc., given by Friedlander in the opening pages of his Rom.

Sittengeschichte , II. ft8. Paton and Hicks’ Inscriptions of Cos , p. 33. The statement is stronger than the present writer would have made; but Canon Hicks is one of the highest European authorities on that subject and period. ft9. The Church in the Roman Empire , p. 361 ff. ft10. Professor W. Lock criticized the narrowness of Professor Deissmann’s classification in a paper read at the English Church Congress, 29th September 1898. ft11. Colossians 4:5, as interpreted in St. Paul the Traveler , p. 149. ft12. Lightfoot’s S. Clement of Rome , 1., p. 359 f.; Church in the Roman Empire , p. 368. ft13. On the character of the inns see “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 5, p. f. On messengers and letters, ibid ., p. 400 f. ft14. Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra , p. 40 ff. ft15. This paragraph sums up in two sentences the history of Anatolian religion given in an article on “The Religion of Greece and Asia Minor” in Dr. Hastings; Dictionary of the Bible , 5, p. 109 ff.: the history begins in utility and life, and ends in deterioration and death. ft16. The quotations are all taken from a great inscription, recording the decree of the Commune of Asia instituting the new Augustan Year, and ordered to put up in all the leading cities, 9-4 B. C.: it is published in Mittheilungen Inst. Athen, 1889, p. 275 ff. ft17. The character and education of the great cities in Asia are described in Chapter VI. ft18. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 1, p. 293. This hieron is probably the hieron of Apollo in the Milyan mount, described by Aristides, Or., 23, vol. 1, pp. 451, 490. On Pessinus, Histor, Commentary on Galatians , pp. 62. ft19. “Religion of Greece and Asia Minor” in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 5, p. 62. ft20. The inscription was published first by Wagener, Inscr. Recueillies en Asie Mineure No. 1: he reads, “first of Daisios” (A for GRE) The Smyrna Mouseion, No. 2, reads GRE. We carefully verified the text in 1884. ft21. “Religion of Greece and Asia Minor,”: p. 121. ft22. In this description (Journal of Theological Studies, vol. 3, p. 514) the words “subject to changes depending on” is another way (and probably a better way) of expressing what I have put in the form “touched or affected by”. I intentionally wrote out all that I have said before looking at Professor Moulton’s article, though I resolved to read it before printing my own words, and, if it seemed needful to correct my words from him. I found we were to a great degree in agreement on the facts, though I am not convinced by his argument as to a Zoroastrian origin. ft23. An example in Ch. ft24. Lightfoot’s translation of the extracts from Clement and Ignatius is usually quoted, especially where it is important to show that the words are not pressed to suit the views expressed in the present work. ft25. The leading Church of a Province was usually that of the Roman capital of the Province; but this was not the case in Asia, where Pergamum was still the official capital, but Ephesus was the leading city and the seat of the leading Church. ft26. The text of Trall. 3 is not quite certain. Lightfoot is here followed. ft27. A commentary on the Expression “slave” in this sentence may be found below in ch. 13. ft28. This passage is often strangely misinterpreted (even by Lightfoot) as implying the opposite: viz., that St. Paul was the first Apostle to visit Rome. ft29. Mommsen, Romisches Strafrecht (1899), pp. 974 ff., 957, 1047. ft30. Ibid ., p. 575 ff. ft31. Ibid pp. 949 ff., 1046. On p. 30, 1:31, refer to Digest, 48, 19, 22. ft32. Philostr., Vit. ap. Tyan ., 4:10; 7:21,2; 8:7,27 f. ft33. Ibid ., 6:41. ft34. Church in the Roman Empire , p. 200. ft35. Mr. Anderson Scott in Century Bible, Revelation . ft36. Acta Theodoti , in Ruinart Acta Sincera , is depreciated on unconvincing grounds in Analecta Bollandiana , 22., 320 f. ft37. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 2., 506 ff. ft38. Ibid ., 2., pp. 566-7. ft39. The inscription was first published in the Revue des Etudes Anciennes, 1901, p. 276; and a correction of one letter D for A was made in the same journal, 1992, p. 82 by M. Chapot, and accepted by the present writer, 1902, pp. 269. ft40. Three of these certificates have been found in Egypt, and are published in recent times, Oxyrhynchus Papyri , 4, p. 49. ft41. In one of the later cases the form is “The Romans and Hellenes in Asia,” a step in Romanizing the older idea (Ath. Mitth ., 1891, p. 145). ft42. Dr. Kenyon, Classical Review , 1893, P. 476, gives the date 41 B.C.; Dr. Brandis, Hermes , 1897, p. 509, shows that 33 is more probable. ft43. St. Paul the Travler , ch. 6., p. 132 ff. ft44. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 1., pp. 131, 151 f.; Cibyra, ib ., 1. p. 265. ft45. A koinon of Isauria is not proved, but is probable. ft46. See note 98 to chapter 17. ft47. Church in the Roman Empire , p. 192. ft48. A Thracian soldier in a Maccabees. ft49. Impressions of Turkey , p. 256. ft50. See pp. 146 f., 234 f. ft51. This idea is illustrated at greater length in two articles on “The Statesmanship of Paul” in the Contemporary Review , 1901, March and April. ft52. See generally Schurer in Hastings’ Dictionary , 5., p. 91 ff. ft53. On the degree to which the Jews of Asia Minor were Christianized, compare St. Paul the Traveler , p. 141 ff.; Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 2., chap 15. ft54. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 2., pp. 667 ff., 538, 649 ff. ft55. Ibid ., p. 675 f. ft56. Josephus, Ant. Jud., 14:10, 23 (§ 258); Acts 16:13. ft57. The statements made in the recognized authorities are different; but we know that Jews were citizens in the cities founded (or re-founded) by Seleucus I, and in the only foundation by Antiochus II, of whose principles any record is preserved (Josephus, Ant. Jud , 12:3, 2, § 125 f.; Apion , 2:4), and this may confidently be regarded as proving the ordinary Seleucid policy. It is a mistake to take the examples quoted by Josephus, c. Apion, 2:4, as a complete list, and infer that the Jews had the citizenship only in Alexandria, Antioch, and the Ionian cities. Willrich differs, Beitr. z. alt. Gesch ., 3:397. Fuden u. Gr ., 126 ff.; but he seems not to have thought of the case in its real nature. ft58. Various other terms were employed in different cities. ft59. me>cri nu~n aujtw~n hJ fulh< than ei+ce “ Makedo>nev ” Joseph., Apion, 2:4, giving definition and precision to the words of Bell , Jud., 2:18, 7 (§ 488), crhmati>zein ejpe>treyan Makedo>nav.

At Cyzicus the Roman citizens seem to have been enrolled in the two tribe Sebasteis and Ioulieis: Athen. Mitth., 1901, p. 125 ff. In strict law the assumption of any other citizenship was fatal to the Roman citizenship (Mommsen, St. R., 3., 47 ff.; Cicero, Balb., 12:30; Athen. Mitth., 1902 p. 113); but under the Empire it became usual to admit resident Romans in many Eastern cities as sumpoliteuo>menoi . ft60. Josephus, Ant. Jud. 12:3, 2 (§ 126), ajxiou>ntwn, eij suggenei~v eijsibesqai tououv aujtw~n qeou>v : compare 16:2, 5 (§ 59). ft61. Contemporary Review , March 1901, in a paper on “The Statesmanship of Paul”. ft62. One might quote from modern New Testament scholars flatly contradictory statements. They assume that Paul’s case might be a solitary one in Tarsus. But such a view will not bear scrutiny.

Professor Schurer is agreed on this, and quotes with approval the words used by the present writer in Expositor (Hasting’s Dictionary , 5, p.105.). ft63. Gesch. des Jud Volkes , etc., 2., p. 541 f. I quote the second edition, not possessing nor having access to the third. ft64. Josephus, Ant. Jud. 12:3, 2 (§ 126), ajxiou>ntwn, eij suggenei~v eijsibesqai tououv aujtw~n qeou>v : compare 16:2, 5 (§ 59). ft65. Josephus, Antiq. Jud. , 12:3, 2 § 125 f.; 16:2, 5, § 59. ft66. See the inscription, Lebas-Waddington, 136a; Michel, 496; Dittenberger, 253. ft67. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 2., pp. 538, 667 ff. ft68. St. Paul the Trav ., pp. 264, 287. ft69. Ibid ., p. 32. It is strange that this translation, which the language of Asia Minor inscriptions makes certain, has not suggested itself to the commentators and seems still ignored by them. ft70. White color, pp. 305, 386: Stephanephoroi, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 1., p. 55. ft71. Cista Mystica , ft72. The commentators seem to assume that the term “debtor” in Romans 1:14 has lost all its strict force, and that St. Paul is merely expressing his strong sense of duty as a Christian to try to convert the Pagan world. But it is a false and ruinous procedure to whittle away the meaning in that way. Terms must be taken in their proper sense. No man can be made a debtor, except by receiving what he is bound to repay. Unless St. Paul had meant what lies in the word “debtor,” he would not have used the term, but expressed himself otherwise. To illustrate Romans 1:14, compare Romans 15:27, where St. Paul’s own Churches are said to be the debtors of the poor Christians of Jerusalem, having received much from them and being therefore bound to repay, even by money. ft73. I can feel no doubt that Lightfoot and Zahn are right in accepting this text. Hilgenfeld prefers the majority of MSS., which insert ouJk before ajpo< sigh~v proelqw>n , a reading which misses all that is most characteristic of Ignatius, and can be preferred only by one who is not able “to hearken to the Silence” of Ignatius. ft74. The term mystery occurs, Mark 4:11; Matthew 13:11; Luke 8:10; four times in Revelation, and twenty-one times in the Pauline Epistles. My friend Professor A. Souter points out to me that there is an admirable excursus on GREEK the Dean of Westminster’s Ephesians (Lond., 1903; 2nd ed., 1904.) ft75. Laodicea was injured by an earthquake in A.D. 60, as Ticitus, Annals , 14:27, says. Eusebius dates the earthquake after the fire of Rome, A. D. 64. ft76. “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 5., p. 383 ff. ft77. Loc. Cit ., p. 389. ft78. On the title of Magnesia see the present writer’s Cities and Bish. On Phrygia . 2., p. 429 (where the mention of Philadelphia in a footnote should be deleted, as he has long recognized). At a later time, towards A.D. 200, both Thyatira and Philadelphia grew much wealthier, and were recognized by imperial favor as of higher importance. ft79. “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” etc., p. 385 f. ft80. Hastings’ Dictionary , 4, p. 18. ft81. After this was first printed, the writer saw Professor Harnack’s article in the Berlin Akad. Sitzungsberichte , 1901, p. 810 ff., which goes as far as existing records permit in preparing for the answering of the question. ft82. In face of these frequently quoted facts, it is quite extraordinary how modern scholars continue to repeat that Philippi could not style itself the “first city” of its district ( Acts 16:12), because that rank and title belonged to Amphipolis. Such an argument is a mere modernism, and possesses no meaning or validity when applied to the first century. Philippi as a Roman Colonia could not but be in a sense, and claim to be in every sense, “first in the district”. Yet this striking piece of local truth is obscured by writer after writer, repeating that tralaticious error, which appears even in the otherwise excellent article on Philippi in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible. ft83. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 2, pp. 510 f., ft84. The results of the article on “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” published in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , vol. 5, pp. 375-402, are assumed throughout. ft85. “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” p. 381 f. ft86. The Post Road of the first century may also be called the Overland Route: its course to the Eastern Provinces was by Brundisium, Dyrrhachium, Thessalonica, Neapolis (for Philippi), Troas, Pergamum, Philadelphia, Akmonia, Julia-Ipsos, Philomelion, to Tarsus, Syrian Antioch, Caesareia of Palestine, and Alexandria. The Central Route went by Brundisium, Corinth, Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralleis, Laodicea, Apameia, Pisidian Antioch (or Julia-Ipsos and Philomelion) Iconium to Tarsus, Syrian Antioch, etc. (See “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” pp. 383-7. ft87. Lydia had entirely lost its own tongue, and spoke only Greek, as Strabo mentions about A. D. 20. ft88. Aristides, Or., 22, 475 (1, p. 441), mentions that the word Asia was sometimes used in this sense, including the coast-valleys and part of Phrygia along the great road from Laodicea to Apameia. ’ Asi>an thcri Maia>ndrou phgw~n . He adds that Asia was also used to indicate the entire Province or the entire continent; and he implies that there were only those three geographical meanings of the term.

He does not admit that Asia was ever used to indicate Lydia and the coast lands without Phrygia (as Professor Blass maintains that it was, in his note on Acts 16. 8). ft89. “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” pp. 384, 389.” ft90. Ibid., p. 384. ft91. Unfortunately, the system of circuits is not described in the article on “Roads and Travel in New Testament Times,” mentioned above; the whole subject became clear as a result of the studies undertaken for that article, but not in time to be incorporated in it. ft92. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 2, pp. 510 f., 715. ft93. Ibid . ft94. Ibid . P. 556. ft95. A fuller statement is given in the Expositor , Feb., 1901, p. 103 ff. ft96. Expositor, loc. cit. ft97. Authorities may be found quoted in the account of Diana of the Ephesians, and of the history of Ephesus, in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary . ft98. E. Curtius, Beitrage zur Geschichte und Topographic Kleinasiens , Berlin. ft99. Historical Geography of Asia Minor , p. 110. ft100. See Panaghia Capouli ou Maison de la S. Vierge (Oudin, Paris, 1896), and Gabrielovich, Ephese ou Jerusalem Tombeau de la S.

Vierge (Oudin, Paris, 1897.) ft101. This subject is treated more fully in an article on the “Religion of Greece and Asia Minor” published in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , vol. 5, especially pp. 116 f., 122 f. ft102. The same delight was characteristic of Pelasgian religion generally, as is maintained in the article quoted in the preceding note. ft103. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 1, p. 723a . ft104. Two hours is mentioned according to the ancient rule of counting, that anything above one is called roundly two: see Hasting’s Dictionary of the Bible , 5, p. 474. On the street. Church of the Roman Empire , p. 153. ft105. Hastings’ Dictionary , 5, p. 399. ft106. Asclepios Soter at Dionysopolis (a Pergamenian foundation in Phrygia), Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 1, p. 146, No. 35; at Acmonia, see note 11 to this chapter. Dionysos Kathegemon at Acmonia, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 2, p. 644, No. 546, where also Teos, Thyatira, Baris, and Herakleia of Caria, are quoted.

On Dionysos as ajrchgonouv Of the Attalid kings see Prott in Mittheilungen Inst. Athen ., 1902, p. 162. ft107. Revue des Etudes Anciennes , 1901, p. 273 f., and on the date, ibid ., 1902, p. 269. See below, p. 393. ft108. Philopstratus, Vit. Apoll ., 8:7, 28. ft109. See Canon Hicks, Greek Inscriptions of the British Museum , 3, p. f., for a full review of the evidence. Our conclusions differ in some respects. ft110. It is printed by Parthey as Appendix I. To his edition of Hierocles and the lists of Byzantine bishoprics. ft111. Ignat. Eph . § 9: see Expositor , Feb., 1904, p. 84. ft112. ejkei~qen , from yonder, referring to some place unmentioned which was much in his own mind, and which would naturally spring to the mind of the Ephesian readers. There was only one place which the Ephesians would naturally connect with Ignatius, when he mentioned no name; and that was Syrian Antioch: cp. tw~n eekei~ pistw~n at the end of the letter (Syria is there named in the context).

Lightfoot suggests that Ignatius meant “yonder” as Philadelphia; but there was no reason why such a reference should have been intelligible to the readers in Ephesus. ft113. On this fact, and the reason for it lying in the position of women and the consequent want of any true home education, see Histor. Comm.

On Epistle to Galatians , p. 388. ft114. On the subject see Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, vol. 5, p. 113. ft115. In British Monthly , 1901, Dec., p. 18. See art. “Smyrna” in Hastings’ Dictionary , 5, p. 553, where the history is briefly described, with references to the ancient authorities. ft116. Aristides describes Smyrna in Orations , 15, 20-22 and 61.

Philostratus, Vit. Apoll. Tyan ., 4, 7 f.; 8. 24. ft117. Aristides, Or. , 20, 457 (1. p. 425, Dindorf); 25. 404 (1. p. 374); 61. 294 (1. p. 766); Brilliance , pp. 425 and 380. ft118. Id ., 15. 405 (1. p. 375, Dindorf). ft119. Id ., 21. 471 (1. p. 437): cp. 1. p. 443. ft120. Id ., 15. 405 (1. p. 375, Dindorf). ft121. Private communication from M. Fontrier. The present writer had thought previously that this temple was on the western hill (see article in Hastings’ Dictionary ), in which case the line of the street would be the same in its east and middle portion and would fulfill the conditions nearly as well. ft122. oJmo>noia stasia>zousa, Vit. Apoll ., 4. 8. Aristides 15. 410 (1. p. 380); 20, 456 (1. p. 425): compare the description in 1. p. 374, of the unification of all the parts of the city. ft123. Id., 21., 471 (1, p. 437):cp. 1., p. 443. ft124. Anything above 300 is called roundly 400, according to the principle mentioned in note 8 to chapter 17. The actual number was less than 320. ft125. The inscription is published in the Mittheilungen des deutschen Instituts zu Athen , 7. p. 179. ft126. CIG. 3148, belonging to the latter part of the reign of Hadrian. ft127. In chapter 12 above: see also the Expositor , Jan., 1902, p. 22 f., and Feb., 1 02, p. 92 f. It is extremely improbable that even the most degraded Jews (with the rarest exceptions) had ever forsworn their religion openly and professedly. Even the worst among them were full of the pride of race and the consciousness of living on a higher plane than the ordinary pagans. The present writer wrongly assumed as certain (in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 4. p 555a) that the Jews of Smyrna were all resident strangers. The point is uncertain; but the statement on p.272, 1:25 f., is more probable. ft128. See the article on “Days, Hours and Dates” in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 5. p.478. ft129. The principal references to ancient literature may be found in the sketch of the history of Pergamum in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary . ft130. The best account of the coins of the Commune is still to be found in Pinder’s old treatise ub. d. Cistophoren , etc. ft131. “Religion of Greece and Asia Minor” in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 5. pp. 114-8. ft132. See von Prott on Dionysos Kathegemon in Mittheilungen Inst. Athen , 1902, p. 162. ft133. See Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 5. p. 110 ff., where the view is worked out in detail that the oldest Pelasgian or early Mycenaean form of the religion of the Greek lands was kindred in type to the Anatolian; and that, as Hellenic thought was developed, so religion in Greece was Hellenised. ft134. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 5. p. 115. ft135. Church in the Roman Empire , p. 324. ft136. St. Paul the Traveler , p. 230 f. ft137. Some facts and references are given in Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 1. p. 76 f. ft138. Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund. ft139. The Rev. F. E. Toyne, Bournemouth. ft140. There is some doubt whether the date was 117 or 129. ft141. Kai< tau~ta te ou[twv ejpe>prakto kai< to< su>nqhma parh~n ajnakalou~n, e]rgw| sou dei>xantov o[ti pollw~n e[neka proh>gagev eijv me>son wJv funei>hmen ejn toi~v lo>goiv, kai< ge>nointo aujth>kooi tw~n kreitto>nwn oiJ telew>tatoi. Lalia , p. f. ft142. the ancient authorities are quoted more fully in Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible , 4., p. 757 ff. ft143. See note 86 on chapter 15. ft144. The expression th~v Sebastei>ou kai< Turimnh>ou panhgu>rewv is used (an excellent parallel to than kai< Galatikhran ). On the other hand tw~n Sebastw~n Turimnh>wn ajgw>nwn is used without kai> . ft145. Josephus, Ant. Jud., xii., 33, §119. See pp. 131 ff., 146 ff.) ft146. Schurer die Prophetin Isabel in Thyatira in Abhandl. Weizacker gewidment 1892. ft147. Thyatira surrendered to the Romans in 190 B.C. It was occupied by Aristonicus during his revolt in 133-2. ft148. De rubus Thyatirenorum (Paris, 1893), p. 93. ft149. On charities in the early Church, see Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 2., p. 546. ft150. It seems probable, as stated in the article on the county Lydia in Dr.

Hastings; Dictionary of the Bible , that Lydia was only applied to her as a secondary name or epithet “the Lydian,” and that either Syntyche or Euodia, Philippians 4:2, was her primary name: the secondary name was in this case (as often) the commonly used and familiar appellation like Priscilla for Prisca, Silas for Silvanus, Apollos for Apollonius. ft151. References to ancient authorities in Hastings’ Dictionary, 4., art. “Sardis”. ft152. I have not seen the east face from a near point. 153 The A. V. must at this point be considered truer to the spirit of the passage than the R. V. ft154. This peculiar people is described in Impressions of Turkey , p. 268: they have retained strange customs, some strongly pagan in character. ft155. Hastings’ Dictionary, art. “Philadelphia.” ft156. On this class of monuments see Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 1, ch. 4. ft157. Roads and Travel in New Testament Times , in Hastings’ Dictionary, 5, p. 384 f. ft158. Visitors by rail or road get only this too close view. ft159. Mr. Head in his Catalogue of Lydia places these coins earlier (in the second or first century B. C.); but I cannot believe that such coins as those of Hermippus Archiereus are earlier than Augustus. ft160. A priest of Germanicus is mentioned on coins of Claudius, and the priesthood implies a temple. This foundation undoubtedly belongs to 17-19 A. D., when Germanicus administered the East, and conveyed the Imperial charity to Philadelphia. He died in 19. ft161. The locality is described fully in Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 1, ch. 1 and 2. The following sentence in our text is quoted from p. 2. ft162. Impressions of Turkey , p. 272 f.; compare Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary, 5, p. 117. ft163. Dr. Hastings’ Dictionary , 5, p. 109 ff. ft164. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia , 1, p. 167 f. ft165. Ibid. , 1, p. 52 (quoted in part from Dr. Greenhill in Smith’s Dict. Gr.