PREFACE - History of France, Book III.

CHAPTER - The tariff of indulgences is set forth at length in the celebrated book entitled Taxes of the Roman Chancery . It is now repudiated by Roman Catholics; but repeated editions of it (ten in number) were published at Rome, when the censorship was excessively strict, from the year downwards, under the eyes of the successive Popes, and doubtless with their sanction; for no book could then be printed or published that had not been previously licensed. 2 It is difficult to form an accurate idea of the relative value of money to commodities in the thirteenth century, compared with present prices; but it may be mentioned that in 1445 (according to Fleetwood’s Chronicon Pretiosum , 1707) the price of wheat was 4s. 6d. the quarter, and oats 2s.; bullocks and heifers sold for 5s., and sheep 2s. 5&1/2d. each. In 1460 a gallon of ale sold for a penny, which was also the ordinary day’s wage of la bourers and servants, in addition to meat and drink. As late as 1558,a good sheep sold for 2s. 10d. In 1414 the ordinary salary of chaplains was five or six marks a-year (the mark being equal to 18s. 4d.), and of resident parish. priests eight marks; so that for about 5 pounds 10s. a-year, a single man was expected to live cleanly and decently. These prices multiplied by about twelve, would give something approaching their equivalent in modern money. It is true, manuscripts were in many cases sold at fancy prices, as books are now. But copying had become a regular branch of business. At Milan, in the fourteenth century, about fifty per. sons earned their living by it. The ordinary charge for making a copy of the Bible was eighty Bologna livres, or equal to fifty three gold florins. 3 See C. BABBAGE’S Ninth Bridgewater Treatise , pp. 52-6. Lord Bacon has observed, — “If the invention of ships was thought so noble, which carrieth riches and commodities from place to place, how much more are letters to be magnified, which, as ships, pass through the vast seas of time, and make ages so distant to participate of the wisdom, illuminations, and inventions, the one of the other!” 4 The first Bible printed by Gutenberg is known as the Mazarin Bible, from a copy of it having been found in Cardinal Mazarin’s library at Paris about the middle of last century. Johnson, in his Typographia (p. 17), says: “It was printed with large cut-metal types, and published in 1450.” Others give the date of publication as five years later, in 1455.

Mr. Hallam inclines to think that it was printed with cast-metal types; but there is reason to believe that the casting of the types by a matrix was invented at a subsequent period. Mr. Hallam says: “It is a very striking circumstance that the high-minded inventors of this great art tried at the very outset so bold a flight as the printing an entire Bible, and executed it with astonishing success. It was Minerva leaping on earth in her divine strength and radiant armour, ready at the moment of her nativity to subdue and destroy her enemies. The Mazarin Bible is printed, some copies on vellum, some on paper of choice quality, with strong, black, and tolerably handsome characters, but with some want of uniformity, which has led, perhaps unreasonably, to doubt whether they were cast in a matrix. We may see in imagination this venerable and splendid volume leading up the crowded myriads of its followers, and imploring, as it were, a blessing on the new art, by dedicating its first-fruits to the service of Heaven.” — Literary History , edition 1864, pp. 156-7. 5 Such is supposed to be the origin of the tradition of “The Devil and Dr. Faustus.” It is believed that Faust died of the plague at Paris in 1466. 6 Lord Spencer’s famous library contains twenty editions of the Bible in Latin, printed between the appearance of the Mazarin Bible in 1450-5, and the year 1480 inclusive. It also contains nine editions of the German Bible, printed before the year 1495. — See Edwards on Libraries , p . 430. 7 Hallam — Literary History , ed. 1864, i. 254. No translation of the Bible was permitted to appear in England during the fifteenth century; and the read ing of Wycliffe’s translation was prohibited under penalty of ex communication and death . Tyn dale’s translation of the New Testament was first printed at Antwerp. The government tried to suppress the book, and many copies were seized and burnt. John Tyndale, a merchant of London, brother of the translator, having been convicted of reading the New Testament,was sentenced by the venerable Sir Thomas More “that he should be set upon a horse with his face to the tail, and have a paper pinned upon his head, and many sheets of New Testaments sewn to his cloak, to be afterwards thrown into a great fire kindled in Cheap-side, and then pay to the king a fine which should ruin him.” 8 Sismondi — Histoire des Francais , xvi. 364. 9 Lord Herbert, in his. Life of .Henry VII . (p. 147), says that Cardinal Wolsey stated the effects of printing to the pope in the following terms: — “That his holiness could not be ignorant what diverse effects the new invention of printing had produced; for it had brought in and restored books and learning; so together it hath been the occasion of those sects and schisms which daily appear in the world, but especially in Germany; where men begin now to call in question the present faith and tenets of the Church, and to examine how fax religion is departed from its primitive institution. And that, which particularly was most to be lamented, they hath exhorted lay and ordinary men to read the Scriptures, and to pray in their vulgar tongue; and if this was suffered, besides all other dangers, the common people at last might come to believe that there was not so much use of the clergy. For if men were persuaded once they could make their own way to God, and that prayers in their native and ordinary language might pierce heaven as well as Latin, how much would the authority of the mass fall! For this purpose, since printing could not be put down, it was best to set up learning against learning; and by introducing all persons to dispute, to suspend the laity between fear and controversy. This at most would make them attentive to their superiors and teachers.” 10 The perusal and study of the Bible in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries exercised an important influence on literature in all countries.

The great writers of the period unconsciously adopted Bible phraseology to a large extent — the thoughts of Scripture clothing themselves in language which became habitual to all who studied it closely. This tendency is noticeable in the early English writers — in Latimer, Bradford, Jewell, More, Brown, Bacon, Milton, and others.

Cole. ridge has said, “Intense study of the Bible will keep any writer from being vulgar in point of style.” 11 “I was twenty years old,” said Luther, “before I had ever seen the Bible.

I had no notion that there existed any other Gospels or Epistles than those in the service. At last I came across a Bible in the library at Erfurt, and used often to read it to Dr. Staupitz with still increasing wonder.” — Tischreden — Table Talk (Frankfor, 1568), p. 255. And again: “Dr. Usinger, an Augustan monk, who was my preceptor at the convent of Erfurt, used to say to me, ‘Ah, brother Martin! why trouble yourself with the Bible? Rather read the ancient doctors who have collected for you all its marrow and honey. The Bible itself is the cause of all our troubles.’” — Tischreden, p. 7. 12 Tischreden, p. 311. 13 At Nuremberg, at Strasburg, even at Mentz, there was a constant struggle for Luther’s last pamphlets. The sheet, yet wet, was brought from the press under some one’s cloak, and passed from shop to shop.

The pedantic bookmen of the German trades’ unions, the poetical tinmen, the literary shoemakers, devoured the good news. ‘Worthy Hans Sachs raised himself above his wonted commonplace; he left his shoe half-made, and with his most high-flown verses, his best productions, he sang, in under-tones, “The Nightingale of Wittenberg,” and the song was taken up and resounded all over the land. — Michelet — Life of Luther , pp. 70, 71. 14 Works printed in Germany or in the Flemish provinces, where at first the administration connived at the new religion, were imported into England, and read with that eagerness and delight which always compensate the risk of forbidden studies. — Hallam — Hist . of England , i. p. 82. 15 A complete edition of the English Bible, translated partly by Tyndale and partly by Coverdale, was printed at Hamburg in 1535; and a second edition, edited by John Rogers, under the name of “Thomas Matthew,” was printed at Marlborow in Hesse, in 1537. Tyndale suffered martyrdom at Vilvorde, near Brussels, in 1536, yet he died in the midst of victory; for before his death no fewer than fourteen editions of the New Testament, several of them of two thousand copies each, had been printed; and at the very time when he died, the first edition of the Scriptures printed in England was passing through the press. Cranmer’s Bible, so called because revised by Cranmer, was published in 1539-40. In the year 1542, Henry VIII. issued a proclamation directing a large Bible to be set up in every parishchurch, while at the same time Bibles were authorized to be publicly sold. The Spencer collection contains copies of fifteen English editions of the Bible printed between 1536 and 1581; showing that the printing-press was by that time actively at work in England.

Wycliffe’s translation, though made in 1380, was not printed until 1731. 16 “There can be no sort of comparison,” says Mr. Hallam, “between the number of these editions, and consequently the eagerness of the people of the Low Countries for biblical knowledge, considering the limited extent of their language, and anything that could be found in the Protestant states of the empire.” — Literary History , i. 387. 17 Michelet says the Bourgeois de Paris (Paris, 1854) was not the publication of a Protestant, which might be called in question, but of a “very zealous Catholic .” — Histoire de France au Seizieme Steele , viii., p. 411. 18 It has been calculated (by Dannon, Petit, Rudel, Taillandier, and others) that by the end of the fifteenth century four millions of volumes had been printed, the greater part in folio; and that between 1500 and eighteen more millions of volumes had been printed. After that it is impossible to number them. In 1533 there had already been eighteen editions of the German Bible printed at Wittemberg, thirteen at Augsburg, thirteen at Strasburg, twelve at Basle, and so on. Schoeffer, in his lnfluence of Luther on Education , says that Luther’s Catechism soon ran to 100,000 copies. Printing was at the same time ‘making rapid strides in France, England, and he Low Countries. 19 The followers of the new views called themselves’ at first Gospellers (from their religion being based on the reading of the Gospel), Religionaries , or Those of the Religion . The name Protestant was not applied to them until the end of the seventeenth century — that term originally characterising the disciples of the Lutheran Reformation in Germany. 20 Mahn, in his Etymologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der Romanisehen Sprachen , gives no fewer than fifteen supposed derivations of the word Huguenot , but inclines to the opinion that it was originally used as a nick. name, and derived from the word Hughues — “the name of some heretic or conspirator “ — and the French diminutive ot — as Jacot, Margot, Jeannot, etc.

CHAPTER - Oeuvres Completes de Bernard Palissy , edition conforme aux textes originaux imprimes du vivant de l’auteur; avec des notes et une Notice Historique, Par Paul-Antoine Cap, Paris. 1844. 2 A copy of the Indulgence issued by Pope Leo X. for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s, is now to be seen in the King’s Library, British Museum. It is well worthy of general perusal. The Indulgence was printed in the year 1517, under the direction of Albert, Archbishop of Mentz and Magdeburg; and it was sold by John Tetzel and Bernardthus Samson as sub-commissaries. The manner in which Tetzel carried on the traffic led, everybody knows, to the remonstrance of Luther, and the Reformation. It is placed close to the original printed copy of the ninety-five Theses against Indulgences and other Papal practices, posted by Luther on the doors of the church of Wit-temberg, on the 31st of October, 1517. It is also close to Luther’s appeal to a General Council, dated November, 1518. 3 An old Roman Catholic historian says: “Above all, painters. watchmakers, sculptors, goldsmiths, booksellers, printers, and others, who from their callings have some nobility of mind, were among the first easily surprised.” — Remond — Histoire de l’Here . sie de ce Siecle , book vii., 931. 4 We cannot learn from Palissy’s writings what his creed was. He never once mentions the names of either Luther or Calvin; but he often refers to the “teachings of the Bible,” and “the statutes and ordinances of God as revealed in His Word.” Here,for example, is a characteristic passage: — “Je n’ay trouve rien meilleur que suivre le conseil de Dieu, ses esdits, statuts et ordonnances: et en regardant quel estoit son vouloir, j’ay trouve clue, par testament dernier, il a command ses heritiers qu’ils eussent a manger le pain au labeur de leurs corps, et qu’ils eussent a multiplier les talens qu’ils leur avoit laissez par son testament.” — Recepte Veritable , 1563. 5 Palissy — De l’ Art de Terre : Oeuvres Completes, p. 318. 6 Palissy — De l’ Art de Terre : Oeuvres Completes, p. 321.’ 7 Palissy — Recepte Veritable : Oeuvres Completes, pp. 116-17. 8 The Vaudois peasantry knew the Bible almost by heart. Raids were from time to time made into their district by the agents of the Romish Church for the purpose of seizing and burning all such copies of the Bible as they could lay hands on. Knowing this, the peasants formed societies of young persons, each of whom was appointed to preserve in his memory a certain number of chapters; and thus, though their Bibles were seized and burnt, the Vaudois were still enabled to refer to their Bibles through the memories of the young minds in which the chapters were preserved. 9 The Reformers early enlisted music in their service, and it exercised a powerful influence in extending the new movement amongst the people. “Music,” said Luther, “is the art of the prophets. It is one of the most magnificent and delightful presents that God has given us.

Satan cannot make head against music.” Luther was a poet as well as a musician; his “Ein’ feste Burg ist unser Gott” (one of the themes of Meyerbeer’s Hu guenots ), which rang through all Germany, was the “Marseillaise” of the Reformation. Luther had improvised both the words and the music two days before his appearance at the Diet of Worms. As he was journeying towards that city, he caught sight of its bell-towers in the distance, on which he rose up in his chariot and sang the noble song.

The French Reformers also enlisted music in their service at an early period. The psalms were translated by Clement Marot and Theodore de Beza, set to attractive music, and sung in harmony in family worship, in the streets and the fields, and in congregational meetings.

During a lull in the persecution at Paris in 1558, thousands of persons assembled at the Pre-aux-Clercs to listen to the psalms sung by the men of “The Religion” as they marched along. But when the persecution revived, the singing of psalms was one of the things most strictly interdicted, even on pain of death.

Calvin also, at Geneva, took great care to have the psalms set to good music. He employed, with that object, the best composers, and distributed printed copies of the music throughout all the churches.

Thus psalmody, in which the whole people could join, everywhere became an essential part of the service of the Reformed Church; the chaunts of the Roman Catholics having, until then, been sung only by the priests or by hired performers. 10 Palissy — Oeuvres Completes: Recepte Veritable , p. 108. 11 Palissy — Oeuvres Completes: Recepte Veritable , p. 111. 12 Tuileries — so called from the tile-works originally established there by Francis I. in 1518. A remarkable and unexpected discovery was recently made in the Place du Carrousel, while digging out the foundations for part of the new buildings of the Louvre — recently completed — neither more nor less than one of the ovens in which Palissy baked his Chefs-d’ouvre . Several molds of faces, plants, animals, etc., were dug up in an excellent state of preservation, and also some fragments of plates, etc., bearing the potter’s well-known stamp.

CHAPTER - The Stephenses or Estiennes, being threatened with persecution by the Sorbonne, because of the editions of the Bible and New Testament printed by them, were under the necessity of learning Paris for Geneva, where they settled, and a ‘long succession of illustrious scholars and printers handed down the reputation of the family. 2 Memoires de Conde , 2 . 587; 3 Davila — Histoire des Guerres Civiles de France , liv. 2. p. 379. 4 Puaux, 2. p. 152. This writer says that, although the massacre of Saint Bartholomew is usually cited as the culminating horror of the time, the real Saint Bartholomew was not that of 1572, but of 1562 — which year contained by far the most dolorous chapter in the history of French Protestantism. 5 This was nearly a drawn battle; and that it was decided in favour of the Guise party, was almost entirely due to the Swiss infantry, who alone resisted the shock of Conde’s cavalry. When Conde and Coligny withdrew their forces in good order, 8,000 men lay dead on the field, Montluc, one of the Guise generals, says in his Commentaries: — “If this battle had been lost, what would have become of France? Its government would have been changed as well as its religion; for with a young king parties can do what they will.”

CHAPTER - It is said that for some years the plunder of the murdered and proscribed Protestants of the Low Countries brought into the royal treasury of Philip twenty millions of dollars annually. 2 Flanders Correspondence — State-Paper Office. 3 Davila, the Italian historian, a confidant of Catherine de Medicis, mentions this famous expression. Mathieu does the same. 4 Etudes Historiques . 5 Vauvlliers — Historie de Jeanne d’Albret . 6 Maurevel, though his shot failed, was rewarded. He received from the King 2,000 crowns and the Collar of the Order. 7 An authentic copy of this medal is to be seen at the British Museum. 8 Psalm 68 — The Huguenot war-song. 9 The murder of the Duke of Guise roused the hostility of the Papal party.

Henry III. had joined Henry of Navarre in endeavouring to restore peace to France. The compromise proved fatal to him. The regicide, Jacques Clement, was canonized from all the pulpits as “the most blessed child of Dominique, the Holy Martyr of Jesus Christ.” His portrait was placed on the altars with these words: “Saint Jacques, pray for us!” Pope Sixtus V. declared, in full consistory, that the action of the martyr Jacques Clement might be compared, as regarded the safety of the world, to the incarnation and resurrection of Jesus Christ. “It was the policy of this Pope,” says Chateaubriand, the Catholic historian, “to encourage fanatics who were ready to kill kings in the name of the Papal power.” (Etudes Historiques , 4. 371.)

CHAPTER - Among the most distinguished sufferers were Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, Ferrar of St. David’s, Latimer of Worcester, Ridley of London, and Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury. 2 Soames, in his Elizabethan Religious History , says that at the accession of Elizabeth two-thirds of the people were Catholics. Butler, in his Memoirs of the Catholics , holds the same view. On the other hand, Mr. Hallam, in his Constitutional History , estimates that in 1559 the Protestants were two-thirds of the population. Mr. Buckle inclines to the view that the Protestants were still in the minority. “Of the two great parties,” he rays, “one occupied the north and the other the south, and a fine drawn from the Humber (to the mouth of the Severn) formed the boundary of their respective dominions. The Catholics of the north were headed by the great families (of the Percys and Nevilles), and had on their side all those advantages which the prescription of ages alone can give. To the south were the Protestants, who, though they could boast of none of those great historical names which reflected a lustre on their opponents, were supported by the authority of the government, and felt that enthusiastic confidence which only belongs to a young religion.” 3 Bishop Jewell’s Works (Parker Society), pp. 1148-9. 4 “After having written to Pope Plus V., the Spanish ambassador, and the Duke of Alva, to request their assistance, and to advise that a port should be seized on the eastern coast of England, where it would be easy to disembark troops,...they left Brancepath on the 14th of November, at the head of 500 horsemen, and marched towards Durham. The insurrection was entirely Catholic. They had painted Jesus Christ on the cross, with His five bleeding wounds, upon a banner borne by old Norton, who was inspired by the most religious enthusiasm. The people of Durham opened their gates and joined the rebels. Thus made masters of the town, the insurgents proceeded to the cathedral, burned the Bible, destroyed the Book of Common Prayer, broke in pieces the Protestant communion-table, and restored the old form of worship.” — Mignet — History of Mary Queen of Scots . 5 Prince Labanoff’s Collection, ii. 216-20. 6 The minutes of this remarkable meeting of Council were fully written out by Zayas, Secre tary of Skate, and are preserved in the archives of Simancas (In. glaterra, fol. 823). 7 One of such conspiracies against the life of Elizabeth was that conducted by John Ballard, a Roman Catholic priest, in 1586. The principal instrument in the affair was one Anthony Babington, who had been for two years the intermediary correspondent between Mary Stuart, the Archbishop of Glasgow, and Paget and Morgan, his coconspirators.

Ballard, Babington, and the rest of the gang, were detected, watched, and eventually captured and condemned, through the vigilance of Elizabeth’s ever-watchful minister Walsingham. Mary had been kept fully advised of all their proceedings. Bab-ington wrote to herin June 1587, explaining the intention of the conspirators, and enumerating all the means for getting rid of · Elizabeth., Myself in person,” he said, “with ten gentlemen and a hundred others of our company and suite, will undertake the deliverance of your royal person from the hands of your enemies. As regards getting rid of the usurper, from subjection to whom we are absolved by the act of excommunication issued against her, there are six gentlemen of quality, all of them my intimate friends, who, for the love they bear to the Catholic cause and to your Majesty’s service, will undertake the tragic execution.” In the same letter Babington requested Mary Stuart to appoint persons to act as her lieutenants, and to raise the populace in Wales, and in the counties of Lancashire, Derby, and Stafford. This letter, with others to a like effect, duly came into the possession of Walsingham.

CHAPTER - Besides the cloth of Flanders, England was also supplied with most of its finer fabrics from abroad — the names of the articles to this day indicating the places where they were manufactured. Thus, there was the mechlin lace of Mechlin, the duffle of Duffel, the diaper of Ypres (d’Ypres), the cambric of Cambray, the ar ras of Arras, the tulle of Tulle, the damask of Damascus, and the dimity of Damietta. Besides these, we imported delph ware from Delft, venetian glass from Venice, cordovan leather from Cordova, and milanery from Milan. The Milaners of London were a special class of general dealers. They sold not only French and Flemish cloths, but Spanish gloves and girdles, Milan caps and cutlery, silk, lace, needles, pins for ladles’ dresses (before which skewers were used), swords, knives, daggers, brooches, glass, porcelain, and various articles of foreign manufacture. The name of “milliner” (from Milaner) is now applied only to dealers in ladies’ caps and bonnets. 2 Meyer — Annales Flandriae , p. 3 Calendar of State Papers , Foreign Series, 1547-53. 4 Domestic State Papers — Elizabeth, 1562. No. 35. 5 W. Durrant Cooper — Sussex Arehaelogical Collections , vol. xiii. p. 179: “The Protestant Refugees in Sussex.” 6 James Melville, in his diary, mentions that subscriptions were raised in Scotland for French Protestants in indigent circumstances, in 1575; and Calderwood has a similar notice in 1622. 7 Borough Records of Sandwich, 1572. 8 Winchelsea, now a village al most in ruins, was once a flourishing seaport. The remains of the vaults and warehouses where the merchants’ goods were stored are still pointed out, and the wharves may still be seen where ships discharged their cargoes, lying with their broadsides to the shore. The place is now some miles from the sea, and sheep and cattle graze over a wide extent of marsh-land, over which the tide formerly flowed. 9 Dom . Col . — .James I., 1622. 10 Strype’s Parker , p. 139. 11 Strype’s Parker , p. 139. 12 The memorial, which is still preserved amongst the town records, concludes with the following prayer: — “ Which condition (viz. the local imposition on the foreign settlers) is suche, that by means of their chardges they should finally be secluded and syndered from the hability of those manifolde and necessary contributions which yet in this our exile are practised amongst us, as well towards the maintenance of the ministry of God’s word as lykewise in the sustenta-tion of our poore, besydes the chardges first above rehearsed: performyng therefore our fore. sayde humble petition, we shall be the more moved to directe our warmest prayers to our mercyfull God, that of his heavenly grace he will beatify your common weall more and more, grauntynge to ytt his spiritual and temporal blessyngs, which he gracefully powreth uppon them that showe favour and consolation to the poore afflicted straungers.” — Boys’ History of Sandwich , p . 744. 13 Antiquarian Repertory , iv. 65. 14 The principal trades which they followed were connected with the manufacture of cloths of different kinds. Thus, of 351 Flemish householders resident in Sandwich in 1582, 86 were bay-makers, bay-weavers, 17 fullers, 24 linsey-wolsey weavers, and 24 wool - combers. 15 Vegetables were formerly so scarce that they were salted down. Even in the sixteenth century, a cabbage from Holland was deemed an acceptable present (Fox’s Life of James II ., 205). Hull then carried on a thriving import-trade in cabbages and onions. The rarity of vegetables in the country may be inferred from the fact, that in 1595 a sum equal to twenty shillings was paid at that port for six cabbages and a few carrots by the purveyor for the Clifford family (Whitaker — History of Craven , 3 21). Hartlib, writing in 1650, says that an old man then living remembered “the first gardener who came into Surrey to plant cabbages and cauliflowers, and to sow turnips, carrots, and parsnips, and to sony early pease — all of which at that time were great wonders, we having few or none in England but what came from Holland or Flanders.” 16 Reginald Scot, the author of The Perfite Platforme of a Hoppe Garden , speaks of “the trade of the Flemminge” (i .e . his method of culture), and his “ostes at Poppering” as “a profytable patterne and a neces-sarie instruction for as manie as shall have to doe therein,” 17 The Flemish burying-ground , appropriated to the foreigners as a place of sepulture, was situated near the south end of London Bridge. It is now covered by the approaches to the London Bridge Railway Station. 18 Many of the foreigners adopted names of English sound, so that it is now difficult to trace them amidst the population in which they have become merged. Thus, in the parish church of Allhallows, Barking, we find the monument of a distinguished Fleming, one Roger Haestrecht, who changed his name to James. lie was the founder of the family of James, of Ightham Court, in Kent. 19 A French refugee, named Briot, was the first to introduce the coiningpress, which was a French invention, into England. He was appointed chief engraver to the Mint: and forty years after his time, in the reign of Charles II., another Frenchman, named Blondeau, was selected to superintend the stamping of our English money. 20 State Papers , Dom. — Elizabeth, vol 84, anno 1571. It appears from the Bishop of London’s certificate of 1567 (four years before), that the number of persons of foreign birth then settled in London was 4581, and 512 French. There were at the same time in London 36 Scots, Italians, 23 Portuguese, 54 Spaniards, 10 Venetians, 2 Blackamoors, and two Greeks. 21 State Papers , Dom. — Elizabeth, vol 82, anno 1571. 22 Lists of Foreign Protestants and Aliens resident in England 1618-88.

Edited by William Durrant Cooper, F.S.A. Camden Society’s Papers, 1862. 23 Hasted — History of Kent , x. p. 160. 24 In the reign of Henry VII. an attempt was made by a body of Flemings to establish the manufacture of felt hats at Norwich. To evade the fiscal regulations of the guilds, they settled outside the boundaries of the city. But an act having been passed en-joining that hats were only to be manufactured in some city, borough, or market-town, the Flemings were thereby brought under the bondage of the guilds. The making of hats by them was suppressed; and the Flemish hat-makers left the neighbourhood. 25 Stowe makes the following reference to these men in his Survey of London : — “ About the year 1567 Jasper Andries and Jacob Janson, potters, came away from Antwerp to avoid the per. secution there, and settled themselves in Norwich, where they followed their trade, making gal ley paving-tiles and apothecaries’ vessels, and others, very artificially. Anno 1570 they removed to London. They set forth, in a petition to Queen Elizabeth, that they were the first that brought in and exercised the said science in this realm, and were at great charges before they could find the materials in this realm. They beseeched her, in recompense of their great cost and charges, that she would grant them house-room in or without the liberties of London by the waterside.”

The brothers Elers afterwards, in 1688, began the manufacture of a better sort of pottery in Staffordshire. They were natives of Nuremberg in Germany. In 1710 they removed from Staffordshire, and settled in Lambeth or Chelsea 26 The following is a copy of a document in the State Paper Office (Dom.

Eliz. 1561), giving an account of “the benefite re-ceyved by the strangers in Norwich for the space of tenne yeres.” Several passages of the paper have been obliterated by age: — “In primis , They brought a grete comoditie thether — viz, the making of bayes, moucades, gro-graynes, all sorts of tufts, etc. — wch were not made there before, whereby they do not onely set on worke their owne people, but [do also] set on worke or owne people wthin the cittie, as alsoe a grete nomber of people here xxti myles aboute the cittie, to the grete relief of the [poorer] sorte there. “Item , By their means or cittie [is well inhabited, or] decayed houses re-edified & repaired that [were in rewyn and more wolde be]. And now good rents [are] paide for the same. “Item , The marchants by their comoditi[es have] and maye have grete trade as well wthin the realme as wthoute the [realme], being in good estimacon in all places. “Item , It cannot be, but whereas a nomber of people be but the one receyve comodite of the other as well of the cittie as men of the countrie. “Item , They be contributors to all paymts, as subsidies, taskes, watches, contribusions, mynisters’ wagis, etc. “Item , Or owne people do practice & make suche comodities as the strangers do make, whereby the youthe is set on worke and kept from idlenes. “Item , They digge & delve a nomber of acres of grounde, & do sowe flaxe & do make it out in lynnen cloth, wch set many on worke. “Item , They digge and delve a grote quantitie of grounde for rootes,[wch] is a grete succour & sustenance for the [pore], both for themselves as for all others of cittie and countrie. “Item , They live holy of them. selves wthout [or chardge], and do begge of no man, & do susrayne [all their owne] poore people. “And to conclude, they for the [moste pte feare] God & diligently & laboriously attende upon their several occupations, they obay all maiestratis & all good lawes & ordynances, they live peacebile amonge themselves & towards all men, & we thinke or cittie happy to enioye them.” 27 Hasted — History of Kent , x. p. 160. 28 Fuller specifies the following textile manufactures as having been established by the immigrants: — In Norwich, cloths, fustians, etc.; Sudbury,baizes; Colchester, sayes and serges; Kent, Kentish broadcloths; Devonshire,kerseys; Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, cloths; Wales, Welsh friezes; Westmoreland, Kendal cloth; Lancashire, coatings or cottons; Yorkshire, Halifax cloths; Somerset, Taunton serges; Hants, Berks, and Sussex, cloth. 29 A settlement of Flemish woollen-weavers took place at Glastonbury as early as 1549, through the influence of the Duke of Somerset, who advanced them money to buy wool, at the same time providing them with houses and small allotments of land from the domain of the Abbey, which the king had granted him. After the fall of the Duke, the weavers were protected by the Privy Council, and many documents relating to them are to be found in the State Paper 0ffice. — (Edwd.

VI., Dom. xiii. 71-77, and xiv. 2-14 and 55). 30 The “coatings” or “cottons” of Lancashire were in the first instance but imitations in woollen of the goods known on the Continent by that name; the importation of cotton wool from the Levant having only begun, and that in small quantities, about the middle of the seventeenth century. “There is one fact,” says the editor of the Shuttleworth Papers , “which seems to show that the Flemings, after their immigration, had much to do with the fulling-mill at Manchester; for its ordinary name was the ‘walken-milne’ — walche being the Flemish name for a fulling-mill. So persistent do we find this name, that a plot of land occupied by a mill on the banks of the Irk still retains its old name of the Walker’s Croft (i.e. the fuller’s field or ground), and in the earlier Manchester directories, the fullers were styled walkers.’” — House and Home Accounts of the Shutttleworth Family (Chetham Society Papers, 1856-8), pp. 637-8. The name of Walker, so common in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the clothing districts of the west of England, doubtless originated in this calling, which was followed by so considerable a proportion, of the population. 31 Mr. Spencer read a paper on the “Manufacture of Steel” at the meeting of the British Association at Newcastle in 1863, in which he thus referred to these early iron-workers: — “ In the wall of an old twostorey dwelling-house, the original materials of which are hidden under a coat of rough-cast, there still exists a stone above the doorway with an inscription in bad German, to the following effect: — Des. Her-Ren.

Secen. Machet. Reich. Ohn. Allf. Sorc. Wan. Dvzv-Gleich. In. Deinem.

Stand, Trevw. Vnd-Lleisic. Bist. Vnd. Dvest. Was. Dir. Belohlen, Ist. 1691, of which the following is a free translation, showing that the original importers of the steel manufacture to the district were probably good Lutherans, who had suffered persecution for conscience’ sake: — “The blessing of the Lord makes rich without care, so long as you are industrious in your vocation, and do what is ordered you.” There is, however, a much earlier reference to the ‘immigrants in the parish register of Ebchester Church, which contains the entry of a baptism in 1628 of the daughter of one Mathias Wrightson Ole or Oley — the name indicating a probable marriage of the grandfather of the child into a native family of the name of Wrightson, and thereby marking the third generation in the neighbourhood. 32 Lives of the Engineers , i. 15-65. 33 Chambers — Domestic Annals of Scotland , i.p. 351. 33 Ibid . i. p. 421. 34 Ibid . ii. pp. 390-410. — The art of paper-making was not successfully established in Scotland until the middle of the following century.

Literature must then have been at a low ebb north of the Tweed. In 1683 there was only one printing press in Scotland; and when it was proposed to license a second printer, the widow of Andrew Anderson, who held the only license, endeavoured to keep the new printer (one David Lindsay) out of the trade, alleging that she had been previously invested with the sole privilege, and that “one press is sufficiently able to supply all Scotland ”!

CHAPTER - In 1544, John A’Lasco gave up the office of provost of the church of Gnezne, in Posen, of which his uncle was archbishop, to go and found a Protestant church at Embden, in East Friesland. An order of Charles V. obliged him to leave that town four years later; when he came over to England, in the year 1548, and placed himself in communication with Cecil, who recommended him to the Duke of Somerset and Archbishop Cranmer. During his residence in England, A’Lasco was actively engaged in propagating the new views. He established the first French printing-house in London for the publication of religious books, of which he produced many; and he also published others, written in French by Edward VI. himself. During the reign of Mary, when Protestantism in all its forms was temporarily suppressed, A’Lasco fled for his life, and took refuge in Switzerland, where he died. The foreign churches in Austin Friars and Threadneedle Street were reopened on the accession of Elizabeth. 2 Both these churches were subsequently destroyed by fire. The church in Austin Friars was burnt down quite recently, and has since been restored. The church in Threadneedle Street was burnt down during the great fire of London, and was afterwards rebuilt; but it has since been demolished to make way for the approaches to the new Royal Exchange, when it was removed to the new French church in St. Martin’s-le-Grand. There were other foreign Protestant churches in London besides those of the Walloons and French, — such as the Spanish Protestants, who, though few in number, had a church of their own as early as 1559; and the Italian Protestants, who formed a congregation in the reign of Edward VI., and continued to worship together during that of Elizabeth, after which they seem to have become merged in the French congregations. 3 This church long continued to flourish. The Rev. Gerard de Gols, rector of St. Peter’s, and minister of the Dutch congregation in Sandwich between 1713 and 1737, was highly esteemed in his day as an author, and was so much respected by his fellow-townsmen that he was one of the persons selected by the corporation to support the canopies at the coronation of George II. and Queen Caroline. 4 “Register of the Church of St. Julian, or God’s House. of Southampton,” in the Archives of the Registrar-General at Somerset House. 5 Fast, 29th August, 1576. 6 Fast, 22nd November, 1576. 7 The memorial is given in the appendix to Somner’s Antiquities of Canterbury . 8 Canterbury Cathedral contains an interesting Huguenot memorial of about the same date as the settlement of the Walloons in the Under Croft. The visitor to the cathedral observes behind the high altar, near the tomb of the Black Prince, a coffin of brick plastered over, in the form of a sarcophagus. It contains the ashes of Cardinal Odo Coligny, brother of the celebrated Admiral Coligny, who was one of the first victims to the massacre of St. Bartholomew. In 1568, the cardinal visited Queen Elizabeth, who received him with marked respect, and lodged him sumptuously at Sheen. Three years later he died at Canterbury after a brief illness. Strype, and nearly all subsequent writers, allege that he died of poison, administered by one of his attendants because of his supposed conversion to Protestantism. From a full report of his death made to Burghley and Leicester, preserved in the State Paper Office, there does not, however, appear sufficient ground for the popular belief. His body was not interred, but was placed in the brick coffin behind the high altar, in order that it might be the more readily removed for interment in the family vault n France, when the religious troubles which then prevailed had come to an end.

But the massacre of St. Bartholemew shortly followed; the Coligny family were then almost destroyed; and hence the body of Odo Coligny has not been buried to this day. 9 Somner — Antiquities of Canterbury , 1703, p. 97.

CHAPTER - Memoires de L’Estoile . 2 It is worthy of note, that while the Huguenots were stigmatized in contemporary Roman Catholic writings as “heretics,” “atheists,” “blasphemers,” “monsters vomited forth of hell,” and the like; not a word is to be found in them as to their morality and integrity of character. The silence of their enemies on this head is perhaps the most eloquent testimony in their favour. 3 Some of the measures adopted by Colbert to increase the population, and to supply the loss of life occasioned by war, were of a remarkable character. Thus, in 1666, a decree was issued for the purpose of encouraging early marriages and the rearing of large families. The preamble of this decree set forth that matrimony being “the fertile source of the power and greatness of states,” it was desirable that certain privileges should be granted for its encouragement.

Accordingly, it was decreed that all young married men were to be wholly exempted from taxation until their twenty-fifth year, as well as all fathers of families of ten children and upwards. A further premium on the rearing of large families was offered in the form of an actual pension to the fathers, of 1000 livres for ten children, and 2000 livres for twelve. At first such pensions were only offered to the nobles, but two years later they were extended to plebeians of every degree. This law continued in force until 1683, when it was abolished by another royal de. cree, in which it was stated that the privileges and pensions granted for the encouragement of matrimony and of large families had to be repealed “on account of the frauds and abuses which they had occasioned.” All that remained of Colbert’s scheme, was the famous Hopital des Enfants-trouves, which continues to the present day. 4 The engrained absolutism and egotism of Louis XIV., M. Feuillet contends, were at their acme from his earliest years. In the public library at St. Petersburg, under a glass ease, may be seen one of the copybooks in which he practised writing when a child. Instead of such maxims as “Evil communications corrupt good manners,” or “Virtue is its own reward,” the copy set for him was this: “Les rois font tout ce qu’ils veulent.” — Edin . Review . 5 Mignet — Negoc . de la Success . d’Esp . iii. 63.

CHAPTER - A ludicrous instance of this occurred at Paris, where the corporation of laundresses laid a remonstrance before the council that their community, having been instituted by St. Louis, could not admit heretics, and this reclamation was gravely confirmed by a decree of the 21st August, 1665. The corporation nevertheless notoriously contained many abandoned women,:’ but the orthodox laundresses were more distressed by heresy than by profligacy. — De Felice, History of the -Protestants of . France . 2 Le roi tua la reine, comme Colbert, sans s’en apercevoir...Elle mortrut (30 juillet 1683). Madame de Maintenon la quittait expiree et sortait de la chambre, lorsque M. de la Rochefoucauld la prit par les bras, hi dit: “Le roi a besoin de vous.” Et il la poussa chez le roi. A l’instant tousles deux partirent pour Saint-Cloud. — Michelet, Louis XIV ., 273- 4. 3 De Sismondi — Histoire de France , xxv. 481. 4 Journal MS . des Medecins , 1685. 5 Madame dit (Memoires , ii. 108) que le mariage eut lieu deux ans apres la mort de la reine , donc dans les derniers mois de 1685. M. de Noailles (ii. 121) etablit 1a meme date. Pour le jour precis, on l’ignore. On doit conjecturer qu’il eut lieu apres le jour de la Revocation, declaree a la fin d’octobre, ce jour ou le roi tint parole, accorda l’acte qu’elle avait consenti, et ou elle fut a’insi engagee sans retour. — Michelet — Louis XIV : et la Revocation , 300.

CHAPTER - The statue was pulled down in 1792, and cast into cannon which thundered at Valmy. 2 The frightful cruelty of these measures shocked the Roman Catholic clergy themselves, and, to their honour be it said, in many districts they refrained from putting them in force. On discovering this, Louis XIV., furiously zealous for the extirpa-tion of heresy, ordered his minister De Portchartrain to address a circular to the bishops of France, charging them with want of zeal in carrying his edicts into effect, and calling upon them to require the curates of theft’ respective dioceses to enforce them without fail. — Coquerel, Histoire des Eglises du Desert , i. p. 68. The priests who visited the slaves at the galleys were horribly shocked at the cruelties practised on them. The Abbe Jean Bion shed tears at the sight of the captives covered with bleeding wounds inflicted by the whip, and he could not resist the impression: “Their blood preached to me ,” says he in his Relation , “and I felt myself a Protestant.” 3 Women of quality, even sixty and seventy years of age, who had, so to speak, never placed a foot upon the ground except to cross their apartments or to stroll in an avenue, travelled a hundred leagues, to some village which had been indicated by a guide. Girls of fifteen, of every rank, exposed themselves to the same hazard. They drew wheelbarrows, they bore manure, panniers, and other burdens. They disfigured their faces with dyes to embrown their complexion, with ointments or juices that blistered their skins, and gave them a wrinkled aspect. Women and girls were seen to counterfeit sickness, dumbness, and even insanity. Some went disguised as men; and some, too delicate and small to pass as grown men, donned the dress of lacqueys, and followed on foot, through the mud, a guide on horseback, who assumed the character of a man of importance. Many of these females reached Rotterdam in their borrowed garments, and hastening to the foot of the pulpit, before they had time to assume a more decent garb, published their repentance of their compulsory signature. — Elie Benoit — Histoire de l’Edit de Nantes , v. 554,953, 4 The child she carried across the frontier on her back, grew up to manhood, and became minister of the Savoy church, London. 5 A Sketch of the Life and Character of the Rev . J . Morell , LL .D ., by the Rev. J. R.Wreford, F.S.A. 6 This French Bible is still in the possession of the Faber family, and is greatly prized by them. 7 The narrative of Jean Marteilhe, entitled Memoires d’un Protestant condamne aux Ga-leres de France -pour cause de Religion , ecrits par lui-meme , originally appeared at Rotterdam in 1755, and was translated into English by Oliver Goldsmith, under the fictitious name of “J. Willington,” in the following year. It has since been republished by the Religious Tract Society, under the title of Autobiography of a -French Protestant condemned to the Galleys for the sake of his Religion . 8 What life at the galleys was, may be learned from Martellhe’s own narrative above cited, as well as from a highly interesting account of the Protestants sent to the galleys, by Athanase Coc-querel ills, entitled Les Forcats pour la Foi (Galley-Slaves for the Faith), published at Paris by Levy Brothers. 9 One of them married Alderman Peter Barre, whose son was the famous Isaac Barre, M.P., and Privy Councillor; the other married Mr. Stephen Chaigneau, descended from an ancient family in the Charente, where their estate of Labelloniere was confiscated and sold as belonging to “Religionaires fugitifs du roy-aurae pour cause de la religion.” Several of their descendants have filled important offices in the State, Army, and Church of England and Ireland. 10 Philip Skelton [Rector of Fintona, county Tyrone] — Compassion for the French Protestant Refugees recommended , 1751. 11 Our acknowledgments are due to Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster king-at-arms, for the copy of the document (Heard Collection , College of Arms, London) from which we make the above extracts. 12 “On se servait d’une composition qui, lorsq’on y mettait le feu developpait une odeur mor-telle dans tousles recoins du navire, de sorte que, en la respi-rant, ceux qui s’etaient caches trouvaient une mort certaine!” — Royer — Histoire de la Colonie Francaise en Prusse , p. 153, 13 Boulainvillers states that under the intendancy of Lamoignon de Baville, a hundred thousand persons were destroyed by pro-mature death in the single province of Languedoc, and that one-tenth of them perished by fire, strangulation, or the wheel. — De Felice, p. 340. 14 Fenelon thus describes France in the later years of Louis XIV.’s reign: — “ The cultivation of the soil is almost abandoned; the towns and the country are becoming depopulated. All industries languish, and fail to support the labourers. France has become as but a huge hospital without provisions.” 15 The Churches of the Desert, as they were called, continued to exist down to the period of the French Revolution, when Protestantism in France was again allowed openly to show itself. An interesting account of the Protestant church in France during this “underground” period is to be found in Charles Coquerel’s Histoire des Eglises du Desert , in vols., Paris, 1841. The present author has also endeavoured to describe the same subject in a separate book, entitled The Huguenots in France , after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes .

CHAPTER - Mignet — Memoires Historiques Paris, 1854, pp. 385-7. 2 The city of Geneva was superbly bountiful. In 1685, the citizens contributed 88,161 florins to the Protestant refugee fund. As the emigration increased, so did their bounty, until, in 1707, they contributed as much as 234,672 florins towards the expenses of the emigration. “Within a period of forty years,” says Graverol, in his History of the City of Nismes (London 1703), “Geneva furnished official contributions towards the assistance of the refugees of the Edict of Nantes, amounting to not less than 5,143,266 florins.” The sums expended by the cantons of Berne and Vaud during the same period exceeded 4,000,000 florins. This expenditure was altogether exclusive of the individual contributions and private hospitality of the Swiss people, which were alike liberal and bountiful. 3 The personal history and particulars of the refugees who settled in Prussia are given at full length in a work published at Berlin, in 9 vols. 8vo, by Messrs. Erman and Reclam, entitled Memoires pour servir a l’ Histoire des Refugies, Francois dans les Etats du Roi. 4 Henry Hall, in. Notes and Queries , April 24, 1869. 5 Though Huyghens was a native of Holland, he had long lived in Paris, having been induced to settle there by the invitation of Colbert. 6 At Rye, the refugees were granted the use of the parish church from eight to ten in the morning, and from twelve to two in the afternoon, the appropriation being duly confirmed by the Council of State. Reports having been spread abroad, that the fugitives were persons of bad character, disaffected, and Papists in disguise, the vicar and principal inhabitants of Rye drew up and published the following testimonial in their behalf: — “These are to certifie to all whom it may concern, that the French Protestants that are settled inhabitants of this town of Rye, are a sober, harmless, innocent people, such as serve God constantly and uniformly, according to the usage and custom of the Church of England. And further, that we believe them to be falsely aspersed for Papists and disaffected persons, no such thing appearing unto us by the conversations of any of them. This we do freely and truly certifie, for and of them. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, the 18th day of April, 1682. Wm, Williams, vicar; Thos. Tournay,” etc. etc. — State Papers, Domestic Calendar, 1682, No. 65.” 7 In Scotland, whoever was detected preaching in a conventicle or attending one, was punishable with death and the confiscation of all his property .

Macaulay says that the Scotch Act of Parliament (James VII., 8th May, 1685) enacting these penalties was passed at the special instance of the King. 8 Michelet — Louis 14, et la Revocation, pp.418-19. 9 Among the captains of horse were Massole de Montant, Petit, De Maricourt, De Boncourt, De Fabrice, De Lauray, Baron d’Entragues, Le Coq de St. Leger, De Saumaise, De Lacroix, De Dampierre; while among the captains of infantry we find De Saint Sau-veur, Rapin (afterwards the historian), De Cosne-Chavernay, Danserville, Massole De Montant, Jacques de Baune, Baron de Avejan, Nolibois, Belcastel, Jaucourt de Villarnoue, Lislemaretz, De Montazier, and the three brothers De Batz.

CHAPTER - The account given in this chapter is mainly drawn from the Memoires Inedits de Dumont de ~Bostaquet, Gentilhomme, Normand , edited by MM. Read and Waddington, and published at Paris in 1864. The MS. was in the possession of Dr. Vignoles, Dean of Ossory, a lineal descendant of De Bostaquet. 2 Memoires Inedits, pp. 121-5 3 Macaulay — History of England , vol. 3. ch. 14, 4 The French chapel at Greenwich was recently in existence, and used as a Baptist chapel. It was situated in London Street, behind the shop of Mr. Harding, oilman. The Commandments were written up in French on each side of the pulpit, until the year 1814, when they were effaced. 5 Schomberg found that the greater number of them had never before fired a gun. “Others can inform your Majesty,” he wrote to William (12th Oct., 1689) that the three regiments of French infantry and their regiment of cavalry do their duty better than the others.” And a few months later he added — “From these three regiments, and from that of cavalry, your Majesty has more service than from double the number of the others.” 6 De Felice History of the French -Protestants (p. 339), says, that” England raised eleven regiments of French volunteers;” but he does not give his authority. It is probable this number is an exaggeration. 7 William landed at Carrickfergus on the 14th of June, 1690. From thence he proceeded to Belfast. On his way southward to join the army at Loughbrickland, when passing through the village of Lambeg, near Lisburn, he was addressed by one Rene Bulmer, a Huguenot refugee, then residing in a house now known as The Priory. Rene explained to his majesty the cause of his being settled there; and as the king was about to pass on, he asked permission to embrace him. To this William at once assented, receiving the Huguenot’s salute on his cheek, — after which, stooping from his horse towards Bulmer’s wife, a pretty Frenchwoman, he said, “And thy wife too; ” and saluted her heartily.

The name Bulmer has since been changed to Boomer, but the Christian name Rene or Rainey is still preserved among the descendants of the family. — Ulster Journal of Archaeology , 1:135, 286-94. 8 Rapin, who relates this incident in his History of England , was present at the battle of the Boyne as an officer in one of the Huguenot regiments. 9 On reaching Dublin Castle, James was received by Lady Tyrconnel, the wife of his viceroy. “Madam,” said he, “your countrymen can run well.” “Not quite so well as your Majesty,” was her retort, “for I see you have won the race.”

CHAPTER - Memoires Inedits de Dumont de Bostaquet, p. 2 There were two cavalry regiments, and three infantry, in the Huguenot force, viz: — Regiments No. Of Companies Officers Non- Commissioned Officers Privates Totals Galway’s Horse 9 113 85 531 Miremont’s Dragoons 8 74 104 480 Marton’s Foot 13 83 104 780 La Meloniere’s do 13 83 104 780 Belcastel’s do 13 83 104 780 Totals 56 436 501 3351 3 It was when on a visit at Stratton House, that the good Earl of Galway was summoned to his rest. He probably sank under the “bodily pains” to which he was so long subject — namely, gout and rheumatism. His mind. was entire to the last. He died on the 3rd of September, 1720, aged seventy-two. He was the last of his family. Lady Russell was his nearest surviving relative, and became his heiress at the age of eightyfour.

The property of Stratton has passed out of Russell hands; and Lord Galway’s gravestone [in Micheldever churchyard, where he was buried], cannot now be recognized — Agnew — Protestant Exiles from France in the reign of LouisXIV ., p. l49. 4 The war against the Camisards is treated at much greater length in The Huguenots in France, after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes . 5 While he resided in London, Cavalier employed part of his leisure in dictating to another refugee, Galli of Nismes, the memoirs of his early adventures, which were published under the title of Memoirs of the Wars of the Cevennes; London, 1726.

CHAPTER - For an account of Solomon de Caus, as well as of the life and labors of Dr. Papin, see “Historical Memoir of the Invention of the Steam- Engine,” in Lives of Boulton and Watt, pp. 8, 30-8: 2 This statement is made in the “House and Farm Accounts of the Shuttleworths of Gawthorpe Hall.” — Chetham Society’s Papers , 1856-8. The Shuttleworths were related by marriage to the Desaguliers family; Robert Shuttleworth, one of the successors to Gawthorpe, having married Anne, the second daughter of General Desaguliers (son of the above Dr. Desaguliers), who was one of the equerries of George III. 3 We find, from the List of Foreign Protestants , published by the Camden Society (1862), that Abraham and Daniel de Moivre obtained letters of naturalization on the 16th of December, 1687. 4 Art. “De Moivre” in Penny Cyclopaedia . 5 The family were of long and eminent standing in Anjou as medical men.

Joshua le Fevre obtained letters of naturalization in 1681; but before that date Nicasius le Fevre, a member of the same family, was appointed chemist to Charles II., with a fee of 150 pounds a year — Durrant Cooper — List of Foreign Protestants , p. 26. 6 In his Literary Journal , De la Roche says: “I was very young when I took refuge in England, so that most of the little learning I have got is of an English growth..‘Tis in this country I have learned to have a right notion of religion, an advantage that can never be too much valued.

Being a studious man, it was very natural to me to write some books, which I have done, partly in English and partly in French, for the space of twenty years. The only advantage I have got by them is that they have not been unacceptable, and I hope I have done no dishonor to the English nation by those French books printed beyond sea, in which I undertook to make our English learning better known to foreigners than it was before. I have said just now that I took refuge in England. When I consider the continual fear I was in for a whole year, of being discovered and imprisoned to force me to abjure the Protestant religion, and the great difficulties I met with to make my escape, I wonder I have not been a stupid man ever since.” 7 From him were lineally descended the Right Reverend James Saurin, Bishop of Dromore and the Right Honorable William Saurin, Attorney for Ireland from 1807 to 1821. 8 Les Consolations de l’Ame,fidelle contre les Frayeurs de la Mort has been reprinted than forty times in France, and many times in England in its translated form. 9 Henri Chatelain was the great-grandson of Simon Chatelain, of Paris, the famous Protestant manufacturer of gold and silver lace. This was a much prized article. It procured for the steadfast Huguenot the toleration of his religion, in which he was zealous from the fifteenth year of his age to the eighty-fifth, which was his last. He died in 1675, leaving more than eighty descendants, who all paid fines for openly attending his funeral. — Agnew — French Protestant Exiles , 237. 10 A great-grandson of Du Bourdieu, Captain Saumarez Du-Bourdieu, was an officer in the British army at the capture of Martinique from the French in 1762. He received the sword of the French commandant, who said, on presenting it: “My misfortune is the lighter, as I am conquered by a Du Bourdieu, a beloved relative. My name is Du Bourdieu!”

CHAPTER - Floquet, the accredited historian of Normandy (Histoire du Parlement de Normandie ), calculates that not less than 184,000 Protestants took advantage of the vicinity of the sea, and of their connection with England and Holland, to abandon their country,2 Macpherson says, “I have seen a computation, at the lowest supposition, of only 50,000 of those people coming to Great Britain, and that, one with another, they brought f 60 each in money or effects, whereby they added three millions sterling to the wealth of Britain.” — Annals of Commerce , 2 617. 3 Weiss — History of the French Protestant Refugees, p. 224. 4 One of the oldest of the French benefit societies was the “Norman Society” of Bethnal Green, which only ceased to exist in l863, after a life of upwards of 150 years. Down to the year 1800, the whole of the society’s accounts were kept in French, the members being the descendants of French Protestants, mostly bearing French names; but at length the foreign element became so mixed with the English that it almost ceased to be recognizable, and the society may be said to have died out with the absorption of the distinctive class for whose benefit it was originally instituted. 5 Joshua Gee — The Trade and Navigation of Great Britain considered . 6 History of the Trade in England: London: 1702. 7 Hat-making was one of the most important manufactures brought into England by the refugees. In France it had been almost entirely in the bands of the Protestants. They alone possessed the secret of the liquid composition which serves to prepare rabbit, hare, and beaver skins.

They alone supplied England and Holland with fine hats, principally from Caudebec. After the Revocation, most of the hat. makers went to London, and took with them the secret of their art, which was lost to France for about forty years. During this period, the French nobility, and all persons making pretensions to dress, wore none but English hats. Even the Roman cardinals got their hats from the celebrated manufactory at Wandsworth, established by the refugees! 8 The Patent Office Records clearly show the activity of the French exiles in the province of invention, by the numerous patents taken out by them for printing, spinning, weaving, paper-making, and other arts.

Such names as Blondeau, Dupin, De Cardonels, Le Blon, Ducleu, Pousset, Gastineau, Couran, Paul, etc., are found constantly recurring in the lists of patentees for many years subsequent to the Revocation.

In 1686 we find M. Dupin, A. de Cardonels, C. R. M.de Crouchy, J. de May, and R. Shales, taking out a patent for making writing and printing paper, having “lately brought out of France excellent workmen and already set up several new-invented mills and engines for making thereof, not heretofor used in England.” — [See Abridgment of Specifications relating to Printing , p. 82. ] 9 William entered the church later in life. He was nominated tutor to Prince George, afterwards George III., and held the livings of Clowne in Derbyshire, and Farnbridge in Essex. Abraham Portal, whose poetical works were published in 1781, was his grandson. 10 In 1681, Savil wrote from Paris to Jenkins, then Secretary of State, to announce the approaching departure of Bonhomme and all his family, adding, “This man will be able to give you some lights into the method of bringing the manufacture of sail-cloth in England.”

CHAPTER - The chapel was sold to Dr. James Anderson in 1710, and is now used as a Scotch church. 2 Of this church Jacob Bourdillon was the last pastor. Among the names appearing in the Register are those of Romilly, Cossart, Faure, Durand, Hankey, Vidal, and Fargues. 3 The refugees had begun to settle at Bristol in considerable numbers before this time. The reviewer of the first edition of this book in the Evangelical Magazine for January, says: “We have noticed among the documents at the Record Office a curious paper, sent up in 1682 from the Corporation of Bristol, proposing that the fines then levied on Dissenters in the city should be appropriated to the relief of French Protestants just settled there. Many readers will regard this as an illustration of the old saying of robbing Peter to pay Paul.” 4 Men of great eloquence had been ministers of the Artillery Church.

Amongst these were Caesar Pegorier (the first minister), succeeded by Daniel Chamier, Pierre Rival, Joseph de la Mothe, and Ezekiel Barbauld. During the fifty years of M. Bourdillon’s pastorate, fiftytwo ministers of the London refugee churches had died — of whom six had been his own colleagues. The deceased pastors, whose names he mentioned, as well as the churches where they ministered, were as follows: — Chapel Royal, St. James’s . — The Revs. M. Menard, Aufrere, Series, Rocheblanc, De Missy, Barbauld, Muisson. The Savoy — Olivier, Du Cros, Durand, Deschamps. The Waltoon Church, Threadneedle Street — Bertheau, Bescombes, De St. Colombe, Bonyer, Barbauld,Couvenant, La Douespe, Du Boulay. Leicester Fields, Artillery, and La Patente — Blanc, Barbauld, Stehelin, Micy, Barnauin. La Tremblade — GilIet, Yver. Castle Street and La Quarre — Laval, Bernard, Cautier, Rober Coderc. La Patente, Spitalficlds — Fourestier, Manuel, Balgnarie Masson. Brown’s Lane — La Moyne. St. John’s Street — Vincent Palairet, Beuzeville. Wapping — Sally de Gaujac, Le Beaupin Say, Guizot, Prelleur.

Swan Fields — Briel.

Pastors of other French churches, who had died in London — Forent, Majendie, Esternod, Montignac, Du Plessis, Villette, Duval. 5 The French hospital has recently been removed from its original site to Victoria Park, where a handsome building has been erected as an hospital for the accommodation of 40 men and 20 women, after the designs of Mr. Robert Lewis Roumieu, architect, one of the directors; Mr. Roumieu being himself descended from an illustrious Huguenot family — the Roumieus of Languedoc. 6 Pauli, Pictures of Old England , CHAPTER - Foster, Lives of Eminent British Statesmen , 2:385. 2 There are no certain records for fixing the precise date when silk-weaving was commenced in Dublin; but it is generally believed that an ancestor of the present respected family of the Latouches commenced the wearing of tabinets or poplins and tabbareas, in the liberties of Dublin, about the year 1693 — Dr. W. Cooke Taylor, in Statistical Journal for December, 1843, p. 354. 3 The old French church in Peter Street is now used as the Molyneux asylum for the blind. 4 Crommelin’s first factory was at the foot of the wooden bridge over the Lagan, and his first bleaching-ground was started at the place called Hilden. 5 The Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, grandson of the celebrated French Pastor of the Savoy Church in London, was minister of the French church at Lisburn for forty-five years, and was so beloved in the neighborhood that, at the insurrection of 1798, he was the only person in Lisburn whom the insurgents agreed to spare. The French congregation having become greatly decreased, by deaths as well as intermarriages with Irish families, the chapel was at length closed. It is now used as the court-house of Lisburn. The pastor Dubourdieu joined the Established Church, and was presented with the living of Lambeg.

His son, rector of Annahelt, County Down, was the author of A Statistical Survey of the County Antrim , published in 1812. 6 A Cork correspondent says: “The Irish could never pronounce the French names, and some curious misnomers have been the consequence, now identified with the topography of the city. For example, there is a wretched cul-de-sac off the north main street, now called in the Post-Officce Directory Coach-and-Six Lane. A Huguenot of the name of Couchancex having resided here more than a century ago, when it was a fashionable quarter, the place was called after him, and has thus become metamorphosed into ‘ Coach-and-Six.’“ 7 Nearly all Fontaine’s near relatives took refuge in England. His mother and three of his brothers were refugees in London. One of them afterwards became a Protestant minister in Germany. One of his uncles, Peter, was pastor of the Pest House Chapel in London. Two aunts — one a widow, the other married to a refugee merchant — were also settled in London. Fontaine’s sons and daughters mostly emigrated to Virginia, where their descendants are still to be found. His daughter Mary Anne married the Rev. James Maury, Fredericksville Parish, Louisa County, Virginia, from whom Mathew Fontaine Maury, LL.D., lately Captain in the Confederate States Navy, and author of The Physical Geography of the Sea , is lineally descended.

The above particulars are for the most part taken from the Memoirs of a Huguenot Family ; translated and compiled from the original Autobiography of the Rev. James Fontaine, and other family manuscripts, by Ann Maury” (another of the descendants of Fontaine): New York, 1853. 8 The Bulletin de la Society de l’Histoire du Protestatisme Francais (1868, p. 69), contains a letter addressed by the Earl of Galway to David Barbut, a refugee residing at Berne, in January, 1693,wherein he informs him that King William is greatly concerned at the distress of the French refugees in Switzerland, and desires that 600 families should proceed to Ireland and settle there. He adds that the King has recommended the Protestant Princes of Germany, and the States- General of Holland, to pay the expense of the transport of these families to the sea-board; after Which, the means would be provided for their embarkation for Ireland. “The King,” he says, “is so touched at the misery with which these families are threatened where they are, and perceives so clearlyhow valuable their settlement would be in his kingdom of Ireland, that he is resolved to provide all the money that may be required for the purpose. We must not lose any time on this matter; and I hope that by the month of April, or May at the latest, these families will be on their way to join us.” 9 An Irish correspondent, however, extensively acquainted with the descendants of the Huguenots, says that, “so far as his observation goes, they, for the most part, bear a pensive, not to say melancholy, cast of countenance — the same sort of sad expression which may be observed in the Polish Jews, doubtless the result of long persecution and suffering.” 10 The Register of the French church is still preserved. The entries begin in 1694. The Register contains the names, families, and localities in France, from whence the exiles came. The first volume still wears the coarse brown paper cover with which it was originally invested by its foreign guardians nearly 190 years ago The following is a list of the pastors of the Portarlington Church: — Calvinists Anglicans Depuis:1694-96 Gillet 3 Octr 1702-29 De Bonneval 5 Octr 1696 Belagniere 14 Aug 1729-39 Des Voeux 1 Decr 1696-98 Gillet 17 Feb 1739-67 Caillard 15 May 1698 Durassus 2 Sep 1767-93 Des Voeux 15 May 1698 Ducasse Jan 1793-1817 Vignoles pere 26 June 1698-1702 Daillon 11 The Portarlington Register contains the following record — “Sepulture du Dimanche 23 degrees Mars, 1717-18. Le Samedy 22 degrees du present mois entre minuet et une heure, est mort en la foy du Seigneur et dans l’esperance de la glorieuse resurreetion, Monsieur Fayre, Lieutenant a la pention, dont l’ame estait al1e a Dieu, son corps a ete enterre par Monsieur Bonneval, ministre de cette Eglise dans le cemititere de ce lieu. A. Ligonier Bonneval min. Louis Buliod.” 12 Lady Morgan — Memoirs, 1:106. 13 These papers have been kindly submitted for our inspection by R. W. Litton, Esq., one of the surviving representatives of Dr. Letablere by the female line.

CHAPTER - The Bouveryes were men of mark in their native country. Thus, in the Histoire de Cambray et du Cambrensis , published in 1664, it is stated, “La famille de Bouverie est reconnu passe, plusieurs siecles entre les patrice de Cambray.” 2 Anne, sister and heir of Sir Richard Houblon, was married to Henry Temple, created Lord Palmerston in 1722. 3 The Vanneck family is now represented in the peerage by Baron Huntingfield. 4 Cosway belonged to a family, originally Flemish, long settled at Tiverton, Devon. His father was master of the grammar-school there. 5 The Tatler, vol. 1, ed. 1786, p. 433, in a note, says: “John Tradescant, senior, is supposed to have been of Dutch or Flemish extraction, and to have settled in this kingdom probably about the end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, or in the beginning of the reign of James I,” Father and son were very ingenious persons, and were held in esteem for their early promotion and culture of botany and natural history. The son formed the Tradescant museum at Oxford. 6 A correspondent informs us, that some years since he saw over a shop door at Dover the words “Susanne Handsome-bodie,” probably a rough rendering of the same name of “Jolifemme.” 7 Mr. Lower, in his Patronymica Britannica , suggests that Richard Despair, a poor man buried at East Grinstead in 1726, was, in the orthography of his ancestors, a Despard.

Among other conversions of French into English names may be mentioned the following: — Letellier, converted into Taylour; Brasseur into Brassey; Batchelier into Bachelor; Lenoir into Lennard; DeLean intoDillon; Pigou into Pigott; Breton into Britton; Dieudonn into Dudey; Baudoir into Baudry; Guilbert into Gilbert; Koch into Cox; Renalls into Reynolds; Merineau into Meryon; Petit into Pettit; Reveil into Revill; Saveroy into Savery; Gebon into Gibbon; Scardeville into Sharwell; Levereau into Lever; and so on with many more, 8 Rachel, daughter of Daniel de Massue, Seigneur de Ruvigny, married Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, in 1634. The Countess died in 1637, leaving two daughters, one of whom, Elizabeth, afterwards married the Earl of Gainsborough, and the other, Rachel, married, first Lord Vaughan, and secondly William Lord Russell, known as “patriot.” Everyone has heard of his celebrated wife, the daughter of a Ruvigny, whose son afterwards became second Duke of Bedford, and whose two daughters married, one the Duke of Devonshire, and the other the Marquis of Granby. 9 Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly written by himself . Edited by his Sons. 3 Vols. London, 1840. 10 The building, which still exists, is now used as an earthenware.store. 11 Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, 1, 12 Antoine Court — Memoires Historiques , pp. 94 et seq 13 Charles Coquerel — Histoire des Eglises du Desert, 2, p.428 14 The French mercantile houses in England and Ireland, who did business in London, long continued to have their special London bankers, amongst whom may be mentioned those of Bosanquet, Puget, etc. The house of Puget and Co. in St. Paul’s Churchyard, recently wound up, kept all their books in French down to the beginning of the present century.

CHAPTER - Will Spain establish constitutional government and thus vindicate her recent revolution? It is doubtful. Why? Let Castelar, her greatest orator, supply the answer. “It is said,” he observed in a recent speech, “that our people are not instructed; and it is true. Yet, for fifteen centuries the Catholic Church has had the instructing of them. There is not a single progressive principle but has been cursed by the Catholic Church. Not a constitution has been born, not a single progress made, not a solitary reform effected which has not been under the terrible anathema of the Church. We are a great charnel-house, which extends from the Pyrenees to the sea of Cadiz, and we have been sacrificed on the altar of Catholicism. Our religious intolerance has given rise to that apathy which, in spite of our character, is felt respecting us throughout Europe. Oh, there is nothing more abominable than that Spanish empire which extends itself like a winding-sheet all over the planet!”