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FOOTNOTES
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CHAPTER 1
fta1. Os Guinness, The Dust of Death (Chicago: Inter-Varsity, 1973), p. 36; Francis Schaeffer, The God Who Is There (Chicago: Inter-Varsity, 1968), p. 61.
fta2. Gordon Clark, “Special Divine Revelation as Rational,” in Revelation and the Bible , ed. Carl F. H. Henry (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1958), p. 32.
fta3. Cornelius Van Til, The Defense of the Faith (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1955), pp. 73, 94, 127.
fta4. Cornelius Van Til, The Great Debate Today (Philadelphia : Presbyterian and Reformed, 1970), p. 91.
fta5. Gordon Clark, A Christian View of Men and Things (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952), p. 309.
fta6. Gordon Clark, Religion , Reason , and Revelation (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1961), p. 35.
fta7. Clark, “Special Divine Revelation as Rational,” p. 32.
fta8. E. J. Carnell, An Introduction to Christian Apologetics (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956), pp. 132, 147, 150.
fta9. Carl F. H. Henry, Remaking the Modern Mind (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1946), pp. 197, 198,201,283.
fta10. Arthur Holmes, Christianity and Philosophy (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), pp. 25, 10, 33, 11.
fta11. Arthur Holmes, Faith Seeks Understanding (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), p. 141. “Our principal objection would be that it is too Grecian, and as such is too heavy on the reason aspect in things. Too much of the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle is baptized into Christianity.” Further, “this system is to be objected to because it does not take revelation as the indispensable starting place, and therefore leaves truth to the mercy of a clever philosopher” (Bernard Ramm, Problems in Christian Apologetics [Portland, Oreg.: Western Baptist Theological Seminary, 1949], pp. 22-23).
fta12. Ronald Nash, “Thomas Aquinas—An Evangelical Appraisal,” Christianity Today (Mar. 1, 1974): 12.
fta13. The most popular apologist of our day whose arguments are deeply indebted to Aquinas is C. S. Lewis. This is obvious in Mere Christianity , Miracles , and The Problem of Pain .
fta14. See Carnell, Introduction to Christian Apologetics, pp. 148f.; Clark, Christian View of Men and Things, pp. 309ff.
fta15. See Norman L. Geisler and Winfried Corduan, Philosophy of Religion (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988), pt. 3, for a defense of this point.
fta16. George Klubertanz, St . Thomas on Analogy (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1960); Battista Mondin, The Principle of Analogy in Protestant and Catholic Theology (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963); Ralph McInerny, The Logic of Analogy (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1961).
fta17. Even Gordon Clark, despite his defense of “literal” God-talk, would fall short of this kind of Platonic dogmatism. See his Religion , Reason , and Revelation , pp. 142f.
fta18. The Resurrection of Theism (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1957).
fta19. Ibid., pp. 117ff.
fta20. De veritate , X, 6, ad 6; Metaphysics , IV, lect. 2 (476b); Summa contra Gentiles , I, 7; III, 47; Summa theologiae , la2ae. 51, 1; la, 103, 8; 80, 1, ad 3; 77, 3; 78, 1, ad 3; 105, 3; la2ae. 5, 4, ad 3; la, 79, 12.
fta21. Etienne Gilson, The Unity of Philosophical Experience (New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1965), p. 308.
fta22. Summa theologiae , 1a. 80, 1, ad 3; cf. 77, 3; 78, 1, ad 3.
fta23. Cornelius Van Til, “The Total Picture,” Synapse H I (Jan. 1972): 1. Gilbert B. Weaver attempts to distinguish Van Til’s view of analogy from that of Aquinas. But he misunderstands Aquinas on at least three points. Weaver wrongly assumes: (1) that Aquinas held that “man may know some things about himself and the world whether God exists or not”; (2) “that all creatures below God are involved to some extent in non-being as well as being”; and (3) that only Van Til holds that “analogy applies not to terms, but to the overall process of human thought [about God].” The fact is that these things Weaver thinks are distinctive about Van Til in contrast to Aquinas are precisely what Aquinas held. See “Man: Analogue of God,” in Jerusalem and Athens , ed. E. R. Geehan (Nutley, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1971), pp. 326-27.
fta24. Summa contra Gentiles, I, 7; III, 47; Summa theologiae, 1a. 105, 3.
fta25. Ibid., 1a. 2, 3.
fta26. God is the source of all truth. See n. 19 above and Summa theologiae , 1a. 16. 1-8; la2ae. 109, 1.
fta27. De veritate, XIV, 8-9; cf. Summa theologiae, 2a2ae. 2, 10; De Trinitate, II, 1, ad 5; Summa contra Gentiles, I, 6.
fta28. Summa theologiae , la2ae. 77 , 4; 83, 3; 84, 2; cf. la2ae. 109, 1-10.
fta29.De veritate , XIV, 9; Summa theologiae , 2a2ae. 1, 5; cf. De veritate , XIV, 5, 6.
fta30.Summa theologiae, 1a. 2, 3.
fta31.Ibid., 1a. 2, 3; 1a. 11, 3.
fta32. Van Til, Defense of the Faith , p. 126.
fta33. De veritate , XIV, 8, 9; XIV, 1, ad 2; cf. Summa theologiae , 2a2ae. 2, 10.
fta34. Summa tbeologiae, 1a. 2, 3; cf. De Trinitate, II, 1, ad 5; De veritate, XIV, 1, 9; Summa contra Gentiles, I, 6.
fta35. See Geisler, Philosophy of Religion.
fta36. See H. E Owen, Concepts of Deity (London: Herder and Herder, 1971); Summa theologiae , 1a. 8-11, 14, 19.
CHAPTER 2
ftb1. My biographical approach follows that of the Roman Catholic pontifical scholars from whom I took courses at a Jesuit institution, the University of Detroit. They thoroughly discredited the religiously embellished, mythological versions of the life of Aquinas.
ftb2. James Weisheipl, Friar Thomas D ’Aquino : His Life , Thought , and Works (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1983), p. 9.
ftb3. Ibid., p. 4.
ftb4. M.-D. Chenu, Toward Understanding Saint Thomas (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1964), p. 11.
ftb5. Kenelm Foster, The Life of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Baltimore: Helicon, 1959), p. 159.
ftb6. Chenu, Toward Understanding Saint Thomas, p. 11.
ftb7. Foster, Life of Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 159.
ftb8. Ibid.
ftb9. Ibid.
ftb10. Ibid.
ftb11. Ibid.
ftb12. Ibid., p. 34.
ftb13. Weisheipl, Friar Thomas D ’Aquino , p. 4.
ftb14. Ibid.
ftb15. Father Angelus Walz, Saint Thomas Aquinas (Westminster, Md.: Newman, 1951), p. 5.
ftb16. Ibid., p. 12.
ftb17.Ibid., p. 13.
ftb18.Ibid., p. 19.
ftb19.Chenu, Toward Understanding Saint Thomas, p. 81.
ftb20.Foster, Life of Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 27.
ftb21.Chenu, Toward Understanding Saint Thomas, p. 12.
ftb22.Ibid., p. 39.
ftb23.Foster, Life of Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 30.
ftb24.Ibid., p. 28.
ftb25.Walz, Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 37.
ftb26.Foster, Life of Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 30.
ftb27.Chenu, Toward Understanding Saint Thomas, p. 24.
ftb28.Walz, Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 57.
ftb29.Foster, Life of Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 26.
ftb30.Ibid., p. 33.
ftb31.Walz, Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 62.
ftb32.Chenu, Toward Understanding Saint Thomas, p. 12.
ftb33.Walz, Saint Thomas Aquinas, p. 62.
ftb34.Ibid., p. 69.
ftb35. Chenu, Toward Understanding Saint Thomas, p. 192.
ftb36. The verse reads: “This is the book of the commandments of God, and the law, that is forever” (Holy Bible, Douay Version, 1609).
ftb37. Chenu, Toward Understanding Saint Thomas, pp. 21-22.
ftb38. Weisheipl, Friar Thomas D ’Aquino , p. 322.
ftb39. Ibid., p. 323.
ftb40. Ibid., pp. 320-21.
ftb41. Ibid.
ftb42. Weisheipl (ibid., pp. 336-37) lists some sixteen “Thomistic” propositions that were condemned in 1277. Many of them deal with his unique idea that form is differentiated by matter.
ftb43. Ibid., pp. 358-403.
ftb44. Ibid., pp. 403-5.
CHAPTER 3
ftc1. Summa theologiae , 2a2ae. 173, 3, ad 1.
ftc2. Ibid., 1a. 1, 2, ad 2.
ftc3. Ibid., 1a. 1, 10, ad 3.
ftc4. Ibid., 2a2ae. 1, 9.
ftc5. De veritate, 10 & 2.
ftc6. Summa theologiae, 2a2ae. 2, 4.
ftc7. Summa contra Gentiles, 1, 4, 3-5.
ftc8. Summa theologiae, 2a2ae. 2, 10.
ftc9. Ibid., 1a. 2, 3.
ftc10. Summa contra Gentiles, I, 3, 2.
ftc11. De anima , III, 4.
ftc12. Summa theologiae , 1a2ae. 17, 7.
ftc13. Ibid., 1a. 17, 3, ad 2.
ftc14. The modern concept of mathematics is much broader, and includes more abstract and nonquantifiable dimensions. Aquinas would have considered this philosophy, not mathematics.
ftc15. On Being and Essence.
ftc16.Summa theologiae , 1a. 3; 1a. 7-11.
ftc17.Ibid., 1a. 4 & 5.
ftc18.Ibid., 1a. 13; Summa contra Gentiles , I, 29-34.
ftc19.Summa theologiae, 1a. 44-46.
ftc20.Ibid., 1a. 75-76.
ftc21.Ibid., 1a. 90-93.
ftc22.Ibid., 1a2ae. 91.
ftc23.Ibid., 1a. 60-61.
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