The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man. - ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian

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The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
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Chapter XV.—The Soul’s Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.

In the first place, (we must determine) whether there be in the soul some supreme principle of vitality and intelligence¹⁵⁸³

¹⁵⁸³ Sapientialis.
which they call “the ruling power of the soul”—τὸ ἡγεμονικόν for if this be not admitted, the whole condition of the soul is put in jeopardy. Indeed, those men who say that there is no such directing faculty, have begun by supposing that the soul itself is simply a nonentity. One Dicæarchus, a Messenian, and amongst the medical profession Andreas and Asclepiades, have thus destroyed the (soul’s) directing power, by actually placing in the mind the senses, for which they claim the ruling faculty. Asclepiades rides rough-shod over us with even this argument, that very many animals, after losing those parts of their body in which the soul’s principle of vitality and sensation is thought mainly to exist, still retain life in a considerable degree, as well as sensation: as in the case of flies, and wasps, and locusts, when you have cut off their heads; and of she-goats, and tortoises, and eels, when you have pulled out their hearts. (He concludes), therefore, that there is no especial principle or power of the soul; for if there were, the soul’s vigour and strength could not continue when it was removed with its domiciles (or corporeal organs). However, Dicæarchus has several authorities against him—and philosophers too—Plato, Strato, Epicurus, Democritus, Empedocles, Socrates, Aristotle; whilst in opposition to Andreas and Asclepiades (may be placed their brother) physicians Herophilus, Erasistratus, Diocles, Hippocrates, and Soranus himself; and better than all others, there are our Christian authorities. We are taught by God concerning both these questions—viz. that there is a ruling power in the soul, and that it is enshrined¹⁵⁸⁴

¹⁵⁸⁴ Consecratum.
in one particular recess of the body. For, when one reads of God as being “the searcher and witness of the heart;”¹⁵⁸⁵

¹⁵⁸⁵ Wisd. i. 6.
when His prophet is reproved by His discovering to him the secrets of the heart;¹⁵⁸⁶

¹⁵⁸⁶ Prov. xxiv. 12.
when God Himself anticipates in His people the thoughts of their heart,¹⁵⁸⁷

¹⁵⁸⁷ Ps. cxxxix. 23.
“Why think ye evil in your hearts?”¹⁵⁸⁸

¹⁵⁸⁸ Matt. ix. 4.
when David prays “Create in me a clean heart, O God,”¹⁵⁸⁹

¹⁵⁸⁹ Ps. li. 12.
and Paul declares, “With the heart man believeth unto righteousness,”¹⁵⁹⁰

¹⁵⁹⁰ Rom. x. 10.
and John says, “By his own heart is each man condemned;”¹⁵⁹¹

¹⁵⁹¹ 1 John iii. 20.
when, lastly, “he who looketh on a woman so as to lust after her, hath already committed adultery with her in his heart,”¹⁵⁹²

¹⁵⁹² Matt. v. 28.
—then both points are cleared fully up, that there is a directing faculty of the soul, with which the purpose of God may agree; in other words, a supreme principle of intelligence and vitality (for where there is intelligence, there must be vitality), and that it resides in that most precious part¹⁵⁹³

¹⁵⁹³ In eo thesauro.
of our body to which God especially looks: so that you must not suppose, with Heraclitus, that this sovereign faculty of which we are treating is moved by some external force; nor with Moschion,¹⁵⁹⁴

¹⁵⁹⁴ Not Suidas’ philosopher of that name, but a renowned physician mentioned by Galen and Pliny (Oehler).
that it floats about through the whole body; nor with Plato, that it is enclosed in the head; nor with Zenophanes, that it culminates in the crown of the head; nor that it reposes in the brain, according to the opinion of Hippocrates; nor around the basis of the brain, as Herophilus thought; nor in the membranes thereof, as Strato and Erasistratus said; nor in the space between the eyebrows, as Strato the physician held; nor within the enclosure¹⁵⁹⁵

¹⁵⁹⁵ Lorica.
of the breast, according to Epicurus: but rather, as the Egyptians have always taught, especially such of them as were accounted the expounders of sacred truths;¹⁵⁹⁶

¹⁵⁹⁶ The Egyptian hierophants.
in accordance, too, with that verse of Orpheus or Empedocles:

“Namque homini sanguis circumcordialis est sensus.”¹⁵⁹⁷

¹⁵⁹⁷ The original, as given in Stobæus, Eclog. i. p. 1026, is this hexameter: Αἶμα γὰρ ἀνθρώποις περικάρδιόν ἐστι νόημα.

“Man has his (supreme) sensation in the blood around his heart.”

Even Protagoras¹⁵⁹⁸

¹⁵⁹⁸ Or probably that Praxagoras the physician who is often mentioned by Athenæus and by Pliny (Pamel.).
likewise, and Apollodorus, and Chrysippus, entertain this same view, so that (our friend) Asclepiades may go in quest of his goats bleating without a heart, and hunt his flies without their heads; and let all those (worthies), too, who have predetermined the character of the human soul from the condition of brute animals, be quite sure that it is themselves rather who are alive in a heartless and brainless state.
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