42.  What harm, you ask, would follow if those things too were perfectly good?  Still, should any one, who admits and believes the perfect goodness of God the Father, inquire what source we should reverently assign to any other perfectly good thing, supposing it to exist, our only correct reply would be, that it is of God the Father, who is perfectly good.  And we must bear in mind that what is of Him is born of Him, and not made by Him out of nothing, and that it is therefore perfectly, that is, incorruptibly, good like God Himself.  So we see that it is unreasonable to require that things made out of nothing should be as perfectly good as He who was begotten of God Himself, and who is one as God is one, otherwise God would have begotten something unlike Himself.  Hence it shows ignorance and impiety to seek for brethren for this only-begotten Son through whom all good things were made by the Father out of nothing, except in this, that He condescended to appear as man.  Accordingly in Scripture He is called both only-begotten and first-begotten; only-begotten of the Father, and first-begotten from the dead.  "And we beheld," says John, "His glory, the glory as of the only-begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth."²⁸⁵

285 John i. 14.

286 Rom. viii. 29.

43.  But should we say, These things made out of nothing are not good things, but only God’s nature is good, we shall be unjust to good things of great value.  And there is impiety in calling it a defect in anything not to be what God is, and in denying a thing to be good because it is inferior to God.  Pray submit then, thou nature of the rational soul, to be somewhat less than God, but only so far less, that after Him nothing else is above thee.  Submit, I say, and yield to Him, lest He drive thee still lower into depths where the punishment inflicted will continually detract more and more from the good which thou hast.  Thou exaltest thyself against God, if thou art indignant at His preceding thee; and thou art very contumacious in thy thoughts of Him, if thou dost not rejoice unspeakably in the possession of this good, that He alone is above thee.  This being settled as certain, thou art not to say, God should have made me the only nature:  there should be no good thing after me.  It could not be that the next good thing to God should be the last.  And in this is seen most clearly how great dignity God conferred on thee, that He who in the order of nature alone rules over thee, made other good things for thee to rule over.  Nor be surprised that they are not now in all respects subject to thee, and that sometimes they pain thee; for thy Lord has greater authority over the things subject to thee than thou hast, as a master over the servants of his servants.  What wonder, then, if, when thou sinnest, that is, disobeyest thy Lord, the things thou before ruledst over are made instrumental in thy punishment?  For what is so just, or what is more just than God?  For this befell human nature in Adam, of whom this is not the place to speak.  Suffice it to say, the righteous Ruler acts in character both in just rewards and in just punishments, in the happiness of those who live rightly, and in the penalty inflicted on sinners.  Nor yet art thou²⁸⁷

287 [Augustin still addresses himself to the "nature of the rational soul."—A.H.N.]

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