CHAPTER XIV

1. Heart (kardia). Never used in the New Testament, as in the Septuagint, of the mere physical organ, though sometimes of the vigor and sense of physical life (Acts xiv. 17; Jas. v. 5; Luke xxi. 34). Generally, the center of our complex being - physical, moral, spiritual, and intellectual. See on Mark xii. 30. The immediate organ by which man lives his personal life, and where that entire personal life concentrates itself. It is thus used sometimes as parallel to yuch, the individual life, and to pneuma the principle of life, which manifests itself in the yuch. Strictly, kardia is the immediate organ of yuch, occupying a mediating position between it and pneuma. In the heart (kardia) the spirit (pneuma), which is the distinctive principle of the life or soul (yuch), has the seat of its activity. Emotions of joy or sorrow are thus ascribed both to the heart and to the soul. Compare John xiv. 27, "Let not your heart (kardia) be troubled;" and John xii. 27, "Now is my soul (yuch) troubled." The heart is the focus of the religious life (Matt. xxii. 37; Luke vi. 45; 2 Tim. ii. 22). It is the sphere of the operation of grace (Matt. xiii. 19; Luke viii. 15; xxiv. 32; Acts ii. 37; Rom. x. 9, 10). Also of the opposite principle (John xiii. 2; Acts v. 3). Used also as the seat of the understanding; the faculty of intelligence as applied to divine things (Matt. xiii. 15; Rom. i. 21; Mark viii. 17). Ye believe - believe also (pisteuete kai pisteuete). The verbs may be taken either as indicatives or as imperatives. Thus we may render: ye believe in God, ye believe also in me; or, believe in God and ye believe in me; or, believe in God and believe in me; or again, as A.V. The third of these renderings corresponds best with the hortatory character of the discourse.

2. House (oikia). The dwelling-place. Used primarily of the edifice (Matt. vii. 24; viii. 14; ix. 10; Acts iv. 34). Of the family or all the persons inhabiting the house (Matt. xii. 25; John iv. 53; 1 Cor. xvi. 15; Matt. x. 13). Of property (Matt. xxiii. 14; Mark xii. 40). Here meaning heaven.

Mansions (monai). Only here and ver. 23. From menw to stay or abide. Originally a staying or abiding or delay. Thus Thucydides, of Pausanias: "He settled at Colonae in Troas, and was reported to the Ephors to be negotiating with the Barbarians, and to be staying there (thn monhn poioumenov, Literally, making a stay) for no good purpose" (i. 131). Thence, a staying or abiding-place; an abode. The word mansion has a similar etymology and follows the same course of development, being derived from manere, to remain. Mansio is thus, first, a staying, and then a dwelling-place. A later meaning of both mansio and monh is a halting-place or station on a journey. Some expositors, as Trench and Westcott, explain the word here according to this later meaning, as indicating the combination of the contrasted notions of progress and repose in the vision of the future. 47 This is quite untenable. The word means here abodes. Compare Homer's description of Priam's palace:

"A palace built with graceful porticoes, And fifty chambers near each other, walled With polished stone, the rooms of Priam's sons And of their wives; and opposite to these Twelve chambers for his daughters, also near Each other; and, with polished marble walls, The sleeping-rooms of Priam's sons-in-law And their unblemished consorts." "Iliad," vi., 242-250.

Godet remarks: "The image is derived from those vast oriental palaces, in which there is an abode not only for the sovereign and the heir to the throne, but also for all the sons of the king, however numerous they may be."

If it were not so, I would have told you (ei de mh eipon an umin). Wyc., If anything less, I had said to you.

I go to prepare, etc. Many earlier interpreters refer I would have told you to these words, and render I would have told you that I go to prepare a place for you. But this is inadmissible, because Jesus says (ver. 3) that He is actually going to prepare a place. The better rendering regards if it were not so, I would have told you, as parenthetical, and connects the following sentence with are many mansions, by means of oti, for or because, which the best texts insert. "In my Father's house are many mansions (if it were not so, I would have told you), for I go to prepare a place for you."

I go to prepare. Compare Num. x. 33. Also Heb. vi. 20, "whither the forerunner is for us entered, even Jesus."

A place (topon). See on xi. 48. The heavenly dwelling is thus described by three words: house, abode, place.

3. If I go (ean poreuqw). Poreuomai, go, of going with a definite object. See on viii. 21.

I will come again (palin ercomai). The present tense; I come, so Rev. Not to be limited to the Lord's second and glorious coming at the last day, nor to any special coming, such as Pentecost, though these are all included in the expression; rather to be taken of His continual coming and presence by the Holy Spirit. "Christ is, in fact, from the moment of His resurrection, ever coming into the world and to the Church, and to men as the risen Lord" (Westcott).

And receive (paralhyomai). Here the future tense, will receive. Rev., therefore, much better: I come again and will receive you. The change of tense is intentional, the future pointing to the future personal reception of the believer through death. Christ is with the disciple alway, continually "coming" to him, unto the end of the world. Then He will receive him into that immediate fellowship, where he "shall see Him as He is." The verb paralambanw is used in the New Testament of taking along with (Matt. iv. 5; xvii. 1; Acts xvi. 33, on all which see notes): of taking to (Matt. i. 20; John xiv. 3): of taking from, receiving by transmission; so mostly in Paul (Gal. i. 12; Colossians. ii. 6; iv. 17; 1 Thessalonians ii. 13, etc. See also Matt. xxiv. 40, 41). It is scarcely fanciful to see the first two meanings blended in the use of the verb in this passage. Jesus, by the Spirit, takes His own along with Him through life, and then takes them to His side at death. He himself conducts them to Himself.

I am. See on vii. 34.

4. I go (upagw). Withdraw from you. See on viii. 21.

Ye know, and the way ye know (oidate, kai thn oJdon oidate). The best texts omit the second ye know, and the and before the way; reading, whither I go ye know the way.

5. And how can we know (kai pwv dunameqa thn odon eidenai). The best texts substitute oidamen, know we, for dunameqa, can we; reading, how know we the way. So Rev. Some also omit and before how.

6. I am the way. The disciples are engrossed with the thought of separation from Jesus. To Thomas, ignorance of whither Jesus is going involves ignorance of the way. "Therefore, with loving condescension the figure is taken up, and they are assured that He is Himself, if we may so speak, this distance to be traversed" (Milligan and Moulton). All along the course to the Father's house they are still with Him.

The truth. As being the perfect revelation of God the Father: combining in Himself and manifesting all divine reality, whether in the being, the law, or the character of God. He embodies what men ought to know and believe of God; what they should do as children of God, and what they should be.

The life. Not only life in the future world. He is "the principle and source of life in its temporal development and future consummation, so that whoever has not received Him into himself by faith, has become a prey to spiritual and eternal death" (Meyer). "He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life." Compare Col. iii. 4; John vi. 50, 51; xi. 25, 26. "I am the way, the truth, and the life. Without the way there is no going; without the truth there is no knowing; without the life there is no living. I am the way which thou shouldst pursue; the truth which thou shouldst believe; the life which thou shouldst hope for" (Thomas a Kempis, "Imitation of Christ," iii. 56). On zwh, life, see on i. 4.

Unto the Father. The end of the way.

7. Had known (egnwkeite). Rather, had learned to know, through my successive revelations of myself.

Ye should have known (egwkeite an). The same verb as above. Some editors, however, read hdeite, the verb signifying absolute knowledge, the knowledge of intuition and satisfied conviction. If this is adopted, it marks a contrast with the progressive knowledge indicated by ejgnwkeite. See on ii. 24.

My Father. Not the Father, as ver. 6. It is the knowledge of the Father in His relation to the Son. Through this knowledge the knowledge of God as the Father, "in the deepest verity of His being," is attained. This latter knowledge is better expressed by oi=da. See on iv. 21.

Have seen. See on i. 18.

9. Have I been (eimi). Literally, am I.

Known (egnwkav). Come to know.

Sayest thou (su). Emphatic. Thou who didst say, "We have found him of whom Moses in the law and the prophets did write" (i. 46). Omit and before how sayest thou.

10. Of myself (ap emautou). Rev., better, from myself. See on vii. 17. The Father that dwelleth in me, He doeth the works (oJ de pathr oJ ejn ejmoi menwn, aujtov poiei ta erga). The best texts read, oJ de pathr ejn ejmoi menwn poiei ta erga autou; the Father abiding in me doeth His works. Philip doubts whether Christ is in the Father, and the Father in Him. The answer is twofold, corresponding to the two phases of the doubt. His words, spoken not from Himself, are from the Father, and therefore He utters them from within the Father, and is Himself in the Father. His works are the works of the Father abiding in Him; therefore the Father is in Him.

11. Believe me (pisteuete moi). The plural of the imperative: "believe ye me." Compare believest thou, ver. 10. These words are addressed to the disciples collectively, whose thought Philip had voiced.

Or else (ei de mh). Literally, but if not. If you do not believe on the authority of my personal statement.

For the very works' sake (dia ta erga auta). Literally, on account of the works themselves, irrespective of my oral testimony.

12. Greater works. Not more remarkable miracles, but referring to the wider work of the apostolic ministry under the dispensation of the Spirit. This work was of a higher nature than mere bodily cures. Godet truthfully says: "That which was done by St. Peter at Pentecost, by St. Paul all over the world, that which is effected by an ordinary preacher, a single believer, by bringing the Spirit into the heart, could not be done by Jesus during His sojourn in this world." Jesus' personal ministry in the flesh must be a local ministry. Only under the dispensation of the Spirit could it be universal.

13. In my name. The first occurrence of the phrase. See on Matthew xxviii. 19. Prayer is made in the name of Jesus, "if this name, Jesus Christ, as the full substance of the saving faith and confession of him who prays, is, in his consciousness, the element in which the prayerful activity moves; so that thus that Name, embracing the whole revelation of redemption, is that which specifically measures and defines the disposition, feeling, object, and contents of prayer. The express use of the name of Jesus therein is no specific token; the question is of the spirit and mind of him who prays" (Meyer). Westcott cites Augustine to the effect that the prayer in Christ's name must be consistent with Christ's character, and that He fulfills it as Savior, and therefore just so far as it conduces to salvation.

14. If ye shall ask anything. Some authorities insert me. So Rev. This implies prayer to Christ.

15. Keep (thrhsate). The best tests read thrhsete, ye will keep. Lay up in your hearts and preserve by careful watching. See on reserved, 1 Peter i. 4.

My commandments (tav entolav tav emav). Literally, the commandments which are mine. See on x. 27.

16. I will pray (erwthsw). See on xi. 22.

Comforter (paraklhton). Only in John's Gospel and First Epistle (xiv. 16, 26; xv. 26; xvi. 7; 1 Ep. ii. 13. From para, to the side of, and kalew, to summon. Hence, originally, one who is called to another's side to aid him, as an advocate in a court of justice. The later, Hellenistic use of parakalein and paraklhsiv, to denote the act of consoling and consolation, gave rise to the rendering Comforter, which is given in every instance in the Gospel, but is changed to advocate in 1 John ii. 1, agreeably to its uniform signification in classical Greek. The argument in favor of this rendering throughout is conclusive. It is urged that the rendering Comforter is justified by the fact that, in its original sense, it means more than a mere consoler, being derived from the Latin confortare, to strengthen, and that the Comforter is therefore one who strengthens the cause and the courage of his client at the bar: but, as Bishop Lightfoot observes, the history of this interpretation shows that it is not reached by this process, but grew out of a grammatical error, and that therefore this account can only be accepted as an apology after the fact, and not as an explanation of the fact. The Holy Spirit is, therefore, by the word paraklhtov, of which Paraclete is a transcription, represented as our Advocate or Counsel, "who suggests true reasonings to our minds, and true courses of action for our lives, who convicts our adversary, the world, of wrong, and pleads our cause before God our Father." It is to be noted that Jesus as well as the Holy Spirit is represented as Paraclete. The Holy Spirit is to be another Paraclete, and this falls in with the statement in the First Epistle, "we have an advocate with God, even Jesus Christ." Compare Rom. viii. 26. See on Luke vi. 24. Note also that the word another is allon, and not eteron, which means different. The advocate who is to be sent is not different from Christ, but another similar to Himself. See on Matt. vi. 24. 48 With you (meq umwn). Notice the three prepositions used in this verse to describe the Spirit's relation to the believer. With you (meta), in fellowship; by you (para), in His personal presence; in you (en), as an indwelling personal energy, at the springs of the life.

17. The Spirit of Truth. "A most exquisite title," says Bengel. The Spirit, who has the truth, reveals it, by knowledge in the understanding; confers it by practical proof and taste in the will; testifies of it to others also through those to whom He has revealed it; and defends that truth, of which ch. i. 17 speaks, grace and truth.... The truth makes all our virtues true. Otherwise there is a kind of false knowledge, false faith, false hope, false love; but there is no such thing as false truth."

The world. See on i. 9.

Shall be in you. Some editors read, ejstin, is in you.

18. Leave (afhsw). See on iv. 3.

Comfortless (orfanouv). Literally, bereft or orphans. Only here and Jas. i. 27, where it is rendered fatherless. Compare my little children (xiii. 33). "He hath not left us without a rule (xiii. 34); nor without an example (xiii. 15); nor without a motive (xiv. 15); nor without a strength (xv. 5); nor without a warning (xv. 2, 6); nor without a Comforter (xiv. 18); nor without a reward (xiv. 2) (James Ford, "The Gospel of St. John Illustrated").

I will come (ercomai). Present tense, I come. See on ver. 3.

19. Ye shall live also (kai umeiv zhsesqe). This may also be rendered, and ye shall live, explaining the former statement, ye behold me. So Rev., in margin. This is better. John is not arguing for the dependence of their life on Christ's, but for fellowship with Christ as the ground of spiritual vision.

21. Hath. "Who has in memory and keeps in life" (Augustine).

Will manifest (emfanisw). Properly, of manifestation to the sight, as distinguished from dhlow, to make evident to the mind (1 Corinthians iii. 13; Col. i. 8, etc.). A clear, conspicuous manifestation is indicated. Compare ye see me (ver. 19). "It conveys more than the disclosing of an undiscovered presence (apokaluptw), or the manifesting of a hidden one (fanerow)" (Westcott).

22. Judas. See on Thaddaeus, Mark iii. 18.

Not Iscariot. The Rev. improves the translation by placing these words immediately after Judas. "He distinguishes the godly Judas, not by his own surname, but by the negation of the other's; marking at the same time the traitor as present again after his negotiation with the adversaries, but as having no sympathy with such a question" (Bengel).

How is it (ti geg onen). Literally, what has come to pass. Implying that Judas thought that some change had taken place in Jesus' plans. He had assumed that Jesus would, as the Messiah, reveal Himself publicly.

23. My word (logon mou). The entire gospel message, as distinguished from its separate parts or commandments.

We will come. Compare x. 30; Apoc. iii. 20.

Abode (monhn). See on ver. 2. Compare 1 John ii. 24; v. 15.

24. My sayings (logouv). Rev., words. Compare word, ver. 23. The constituent parts of the one word.

25. Being yet present (menwn). Rev., stronger and more literally, while yet abiding.

26. In my name. See on ver. 13.

He (ekeinov). Setting the Advocate distinctly and sharply before the hearers. The pronoun is used in John's First Epistle, distinctively of our Lord. See 1 John ii. 6; iii. 3, 5, 7, 16; iv. 17.

I have said (eipon). The aorist tense, I said.

27. Peace. "These are last words, as of one who is about to go away and says 'good-night' or gives his blessing" (Luther). Peace! was the ordinary oriental greeting at parting. Compare xx. 21.

My peace I give. Compare 1 John iii. 1. "It is of his own that one gives" (Godet).

Let it be afraid (deiliatw). Only here in the New Testament. Properly it signifies cowardly fear. Rev., fearful. The kindred adjective deilov fearful, is used by Matthew of the disciples in the storm (viii. 26), and in Revelation of those who deny the faith through fear of persecution (xxi. 8). The kindred noun, deilia, occurs only in 2 Tim. i. 7, "God hath not given us the spirit of fear," contrasted with the spirit of power, love, and a sound mind.

28. I said. Omit, and read, ye would have rejoiced because I go unto the Father.

30. Hereafter I will not talk (ouk epi lalhsw). Rev., more correctly, I will no more speak.

The prince of this world. The best texts read, "of the world."

Hath nothing in me. No right nor power over Christ which sin in Him could give. The Greek order is, in me he hath nothing.