8:1 {Had nothing to eat} (me econtwn ti fagwsin). Genitive absolute and plural because oclou a collective substantive. Not having what to eat (deliberative subjunctive retained in indirect question). The repetition of a nature miracle of feeding four thousand in Decapolis disturbs some modern critics who cannot imagine how Jesus could or would perform another miracle elsewhere so similar to the feeding of the five thousand up near beqsaida Julias. But both Mark and Matthew give both miracles, distinguish the words for baskets (kofinos, sfuris), and both make Jesus later refer to both incidents and use these two words with the same distinction (#Mr 8:19f.; Mt 16:9f.). Surely it is easier to conceive that Jesus wrought two such miracles than to hold that Mark and Matthew have made such a jumble of the whole business.

8:2 {Now three days} (ede hemerai treis). this text preserves a curious parenthetic nominative of time (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 460). See on ¯Mt 15:32.

8:3 {Are come from far} (apo makroqen eisin). this item alone in Mark.

8:4 {Here} (hwde). Of all places, in this desert region in the mountains. The disciples feel as helpless as when the five thousand were fed. They do not rise to faith in the unlimited power of Jesus after all that they have seen.

8:6 {Brake and gave} (eklasen kai edidou). Constative aorist followed by imperfect. The giving kept on. {To set before them} (hina paratiqwsin). Present subjunctive describing the continuous process.

8:7 {A few small fishes} (icqudia oliga). Mark mentions them last as if they were served after the food, but not so #Mt 15:34f.

8:8 {Broken pieces that remained over} (perisseumata klasmatwn). Overplus, abundance, remains of broken pieces not used, not just scraps or crumbs.

8:10 {Into the parts of Dalmanutha} (eis ta mere dalmanouqa). #Mt 15:39 calls it "the borders of Magadan." Both names are unknown elsewhere, but apparently the same region of Galilee on the western side of the lake not far from Tiberias. Mark here uses "parts" (mere) in the same sense as "borders" (horia) in #7:24 just as Matthew reverses it with "parts" in #Mt 15:21 and "borders" here in #Mt 15:39. Mark has here "with his disciples" (meta twn maqetwn autou) only implied in #Mt 15:39.

8:11 {And the Pharisees came forth} (kai exelqon hoi farisaioi). At once they met Jesus and opened a controversy. #Mt 16:1 adds "and Sadducees," the first time these two parties appear together against Jesus. See discussion on ¯Mt 16:1. The Pharisees and Herodians had already joined hands against Jesus in the sabbath controversy (#Mr 3:6). They {began to question with him} (erxanto sunzetein autwi). Dispute, not mere inquiry, associative instrumental case of autoi. They began at once and kept it up (present infinitive).

8:12 {He sighed deeply in his spirit} (anastenaxas twi pneumati). The only instance of this compound in the N.T. though in the LXX. The uncompounded form occurs in #Mr 7:34 and it is common enough. The preposition ana- intensifies the meaning of the verb (perfective use). "The sigh seemed to come, as we say, from the bottom of his heart, the Lord's human spirit was stirred to its depths" (Swete). Jesus resented the settled prejudice of the Pharisees (and now Sadducees also) against him and his work. {There shall no sign be given unto this generation} (ei doqesetai tei geneai tautei semeion). #Mt 16:4 has simply ou doqesetai, plain negative with the future passive indicative. Mark has ei instead of ou, which is technically a conditional clause with the conclusion unexpressed (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 1024), really aposiopesis in imitation of the Hebrew use of im. this is the only instance in the N.T. except in quotations from the LXX (#Heb 3:11; 4:3,5). It is very common in the LXX. The rabbis were splitting hairs over the miracles of Jesus as having a possible natural explanation (as some critics do today) even if by the power of Beelzebub, and those not of the sky (from heaven) which would be manifested from God. So they put up this fantastic test to Jesus which he deeply resents. #Mt 16:4 adds "but the sign of Jonah" mentioned already by Jesus on a previous occasion (#Mt 12:39-41) at more length and to be mentioned again (#Lu 11:32). But the mention of the sign of Jonah was "an absolute refusal of signs in their sense" (Bruce). And when he did rise from the dead on the third day, the Sanhedrin refused to be convinced (see Acts 3 to 5).

8:14 {Bread} (artous). {Loaves}, plural. {More than one loaf} (ei me hina arton). Except one loaf. Detail only in Mark. Practically for thirteen men when hungry.

8:15 {Take heed, beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, and the leaven of Herod} (horate, blepete apo tes zumes twn farisaiwn kai tes zumes herwidou). Present imperatives. Note apo and the ablative case. zume is from zumow and occurs already in #Mt 13:33 in a good sense. For the bad sense see #1Co 5:6. He repeatedly charged (diestelleto, imperfect indicative), showing that the warning was needed. The disciples came out of a Pharisaic atmosphere and they had just met it again at Dalmanutha. It was insidious. Note the combination of Herod here with the Pharisees. this is after the agitation of Herod because of the death of the Baptist and the ministry of Jesus (#Mr 6:14-29; Mt 14:1-12; Lu 9:7-9). Jesus definitely warns the disciples against "the leaven of Herod" (bad politics) and the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees (bad theology and also bad politics).

8:16 {They reasoned one with another} (dielogizonto pros allelous), implying discussion. Imperfect tense, kept it up. #Mt 16:7 has en heautois, in themselves or among themselves.

8:17 Mark here (vv. #17-20) gives six keen questions of Jesus while #Mt 16:8-11 gives as four that really include the six of Mark running some together. The questions reveal the disappointment of Jesus at the intellectual dulness of his pupils. The questions concern the intellect (noeite, from nous, suniete, comprehend), the heart in a {hardened state} (pepwrwmenen, perfect passive predicate participle as in #Mr 6:52, which see), the eyes, the ears, the memory of both the feeding of the five thousand and the four thousand here sharply distinguished even to the two kinds of baskets (kofinous, sfuridwn). The disciples did recall the number of baskets left over in each instance, twelve and seven. Jesus "administers a sharp rebuke for their preoccupation with mere temporalities, as if there were nothing higher to be thought of _than bread_" (Bruce). "For the time the Twelve are way-side hearers, with hearts like a beaten path, into which the higher truths cannot sink so as to germinate" (Bruce).

8:18 See on ¯17.

8:19 See on ¯17.

8:20 See on ¯17.

8:21 {Do ye not yet understand?} (oupw suniete;). After all this rebuke and explanation. The greatest of all teachers had the greatest of all classes, but he struck a snag here. #Mt 16:12 gives the result: "qen they understood how that he bade them not beware of the loaves of bread, but of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees." They had once said that they understood the parables of Jesus (#Mt 13:51). But that was a long time ago. The teacher must have patience if his pupils are to understand.

8:22 {Unto beqsaida} (eis beqsaidan). On the Eastern side not far from the place of the feeding of the five thousand, beqsaida Julias. Note dramatic presents {they come} (ercontai), {they bring} (ferousin). this incident in Mark alone (verses #22-26).

8:23 {Brought him out of the village} (exenegken auton exw tes kwmes). It had been a village, but Philip had enlarged it and made it a town or city (polis), though still called a village (verses #23,26). As in the case of the deaf and dumb demoniac given also alone by Mark (#Mr 7:31-37), so here Jesus observes the utmost secrecy in performing the miracle for reasons not given by Mark. It was the season of retirement and Jesus is making the fourth withdrawal from Galilee. That fact may explain it. The various touches here are of interest also. Jesus led him out by the hand, put spittle on his eyes (using the poetical and _Koin‚_ papyri word ommata instead of the usual opthalmous), and laid his hands upon him, perhaps all this to help the man's faith.

8:24 {I see men, for I behold them as trees walking} (blepw tous anqrwpous hoti hws dendra horw peripatountas). A vivid description of dawning sight. His vision was incomplete though he could tell that they were men because they were walking. this is the single case of a gradual cure in the healings wrought by Jesus. The reason for this method in this case is not given.

8:25 {He looked steadfastly} (diebleyen). He saw thoroughly now, effective aorist (diebleyen), he was completely restored (apekateste, second aorist, double compound and double augment), and kept on seeing (eneblepen, imperfect, continued action) all things clearly or at a distance (telaugws, common Greek word from tele, afar, and auge, radiance, far-shining). Some manuscripts (margin in Westcott and Hort) read delaugws, from delos, plain, and auge, radiance.

8:26 {To his home} (eis oikon autou). A joyful homecoming that. He was not allowed to enter the village and create excitement before Jesus moved on to Caesarea Philippi.

8:27 {Into the villages of Caesarea Philippi} (eis tas kwmas kaisarias tes filippou). Parts (mere) #Mt 16:13 has, the Caesarea of Philippi in contrast to the one down on the Mediterranean Sea. Mark means the villages belonging to the district around Caesarea Philippi. this region is on a spur of Mount Hermon in Iturea ruled by Herod Philip so that Jesus is safe from annoyance by Herod Antipas or the Pharisees and Sadducees. Up here on this mountain slope Jesus will have his best opportunity to give the disciples special teaching concerning the crucifixion just a little over six months ahead. So Jesus asked (eperwta, descriptive imperfect) {Who do men say that I am?} (tina me legousin hoi anqrwpoi einai;). #Mt 16:13 has "the Son of Man" in place of "I" here in Mark and in #Lu 9:18. He often described himself as "the Son of Man." Certainly here the phrase could not mean merely "a man." They knew the various popular opinions about Jesus of which Herod Antipas had heard (#Mr 3:21,31). It was time that the disciples reveal how much they had been influenced by their environment as well as by the direct instruction of Jesus.

8:28 {And they told him} (hoi de eipan). They knew only too well. See on ¯Mt 16:14,28 for discussion.

8:29 {Thou art the Christ} (su ei ho cristos). Mark does not give "the Son of the living God" (#Mt 16:16) or "of God" (#Lu 9:20). The full confession is the form in Matthew. Luke's language means practically the same, while Mark's is the briefest. But the form in Mark really means the full idea. Mark omits all praise of Peter, probably because Peter had done so in his story of the incident. For criticism of the view that Matthew's narrative is due to ecclesiastical development and effort to justify ecclesiastical prerogatives, see discussion on ¯Mt 16:16,18. The disciples had confessed him as Messiah before. Thus #Joh 1:41; 4:29; 6:69; Mt 14:33. But Jesus had ceased to use the word Messiah to avoid political complications and a revolutionary movement (#Joh 6:14f.). But did the disciples still believe in Jesus as Messiah after all the defections and oppositions seen by them? It was a serious test to which Jesus now put them.

8:30 {Of him} (peri autou). As being the Messiah, that he was the Christ (#Mt 16:20). Not yet, for the time was not yet ripe. When that comes, the triumphal entry into Jerusalem, the very stones will cry out, if men will not (#Lu 19:40).

8:31 {He began to teach them} (erxato didaskein autous). Mark is fond of this idiom, but it is not a mere rhetorical device. #Mt 16:21 expressly says "from that time." They had to be told soon about the approaching death of Jesus. The confession of faith in Jesus indicated that it was a good time to begin. Death at the hands of the Sanhedrin (elders, chief priests, and scribes) in which Pharisees and Sadducees had about equal strength. The resurrection on the third day is mentioned, but it made no impression on their minds. this rainbow on the cloud was not seen. {After three days} (meta treis hemeras). #Mt 16:21 has "the third day" (tei tritei hemerai) in the locative case of point of time (so also #Lu 9:22). There are some people who stickle for a strict interpretation of "after three days" which would be "on the fourth day," not "on the third day." Evidently Mark's phrase here has the same sense as that in Matthew and Luke else they are hopelessly contradictory. In popular language "after three days" can and often does mean "on the third day," but the fourth day is impossible.

8:32 {Spake the saying openly} (parresiai ton logon elalei). He held back nothing, told it all (pan, all, resia, from eipon, say), without reserve, to all of them. Imperfect tense elalei shows that Jesus did it repeatedly. Mark alone gives this item. Mark does not give the great eulogy of Peter in #Mt 16:17,19 after his confession (#Mr 8:29; Mt 16:16; Lu 9:20), but he does tell the stinging rebuke given Peter by Jesus on this occasion. See discussion on ¯Mt 16:21,26.

8:33 {He turning about and seeing his disciples} (epistrafeis kai idwn tous maqetas autou). Peter had called Jesus off to himself (proskalesamenos), but Jesus quickly wheeled round on Peter (epistrafeis, only strafeis in Matthew). In doing that the other disciples were in plain view also ( this touch only in Mark). Hence Jesus rebukes Peter in the full presence of the whole group. Peter no doubt felt that it was his duty as a leader of the Twelve to remonstrate with the Master for this pessimistic utterance (Swete). It is even possible that the others shared Peter's views and were watching the effect of his daring rebuke of Jesus. It was more than mere officiousness on the part of Peter. He had not risen above the level of ordinary men and deserves the name of Satan whose role he was now acting. It was withering, but it was needed. The temptation of the devil on the mountain was here offered by Peter. It was Satan over again. See on ¯Mt 16:23.

8:34 {And he called unto him the multitude with his disciples} (kai proskalesamenos ton oclon sun tois maqetais autou). Mark alone notes the unexpected presence of a crowd up here near Caesarea Philippi in heathen territory. In the presence of this crowd Jesus explains his philosophy of life and death which is in direct contrast with that offered by Peter and evidently shared by the disciples and the people. So Jesus gives this profound view of life and death to them all. {Deny himself} (aparnesasqw heauton). Say no to himself, a difficult thing to do. Note reflexive along with the middle voice. Ingressive first aorist imperative. See on ¯Mt 16:24 about taking up the Cross. The shadow of Christ's Cross was already on him (#Mr 8:31) and one faces everyone.

8:35 {And the gospel's sake} (kai tou euaggeliou). In Mark alone. See on ¯Mt 16:25f. for this paradox. Two senses of "life" and "save." For the last "save" (swsei) #Mt 16:25 has "find" (heuresei). See on ¯Mt 16:26 for "gain,"profit," and "exchange."