28:1 {Now late on the sabbath as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week} (oye de sabbatwn, tei epifwskousei eis mian sabbatwn). this careful chronological statement according to Jewish days clearly means that before the sabbath was over, that is before six P.M., this visit by the women was made "to see the sepulchre" (theorˆsai ton taphon). They had seen the place of burial on Friday afternoon (#Mr 15:47; Mt 27:61; Lu 23:55). They had rested on the sabbath after preparing spices and ointments for the body of Jesus (#Lu 23:56), a sabbath of unutterable sorrow and woe. They will buy other spices after sundown when the new day has dawned and the sabbath is over (#Mr 16:1). Both Matthew here and Luke (#Lu 23:54) use dawn (epifwskw) for the dawning of the twenty-four hour-day at sunset, not of the dawning of the twelve-hour day at sunrise. The Aramaic used the verb for dawn in both senses. The so-called Gospel of Peter has epifwskw in the same sense as Matthew and Luke as does a late papyrus. Apparently the Jewish sense of "dawn" is here expressed by this Greek verb. Allen thinks that Matthew misunderstands Mark at this point, but clearly Mark is speaking of sunrise and Matthew of sunset. Why allow only one visit for the anxious women?

28:2 {There was a great earthquake} (seismos egeneto megas). Clearly not the earthquake of #27:51. The precise time of this earthquake is not given. It was before sunrise on the first day of the week when the women made the next visit. Matthew alone relates the coming of the angel of the Lord who rolled away the stone and was sitting upon it (apekulise ton liqon kai ekathˆto epanw autou). If one is querulous about these supernatural phenomena, he should reflect that the Resurrection of Jesus is one of the great supernatural events of all time. Cornelius ... Lapide dares to say: "The earth, which trembled with sorrow at the Death of Christ as it were leaped for joy at His Resurrection." The Angel of the Lord announced the Incarnation of the Son of God and also His Resurrection from the grave. There are apparent inconsistencies in the various narratives of the Resurrection and the appearances of the Risen Christ. We do not know enough of the details to be able to reconcile them. But the very variations strengthen the independent witness to the essential fact that Jesus rose from the grave. Let each writer give his own account in his own way. The stone was rolled away not to let the Lord out, but to let the women in to prove the fact of the empty tomb (McNeile).

28:3 {Appearance} (eidea). Here only in the N.T. Compare morfe and scema.

28:4 {The watchers did quake} (eseisqesan hoi terountes). And no wonder that they became as dead men and fled before the women came.

28:5 {Unto the women} (tais gunaixin). According to John, Mary Magdalene had left to go and tell Peter and John of the supposed grave robbery (#Joh 20:1f.). But the other women remained and had the interview with the angel (or men, Luke) about the empty tomb and the Risen Christ. {Jesus the Crucified} (iesoun ton estaurwmenon). Perfect passive participle, state of completion. this he will always be. So Paul will preach as essential to his gospel "and this one crucified" (kai touton estaur"menon, #1Co 2:2).

28:6 {Risen from the dead} (egerqe apo twn nekrwn). {Jesus the Risen}. this is the heart of the testimony of the angel to the women. It is what Paul wishes Timothy never to forget (#2Ti 2:8), "Jesus Christ risen from the dead" (iesoun criston egˆgermenon ek nekr"n). They were afraid and dazzled by the glory of the scene, but the angel said, "Come, see the place where the Lord lay" (deute idete ton topon hopou ekeito ho kurios). Some MSS. do not have ho kurios, but he is the subject of ekeito. His body was not there. It will not do to say that Jesus arose in spirit and appeared alive though his body remained in the tomb. The empty tomb is the first great fact confronting the women and later the men. Various theories were offered qen as now. But none of them satisfy the evidence and explain the survival of faith and hope in the disciples that do not rest upon the fact of the Risen Christ whose body was no longer in the tomb.

28:7 {He goeth before you into Galilee} (proagei humas eis ten galilaian). Jesus did appear to the disciples in Galilee on two notable occasions (by the beloved lake, #Joh 21, and on the mountain, #Mt 28:16-20). Probably before the women were permitted to tell this story in full to the disciples who scouted as idle talk (#Joh 24:11) their first accounts, Jesus appeared to various disciples in Jerusalem on this first great Sunday. Jesus did not say that he would not see any of them in Jerusalem. He merely made a definite appointment in Galilee which he kept.

28:8 {With fear and great joy} (meta fobou kai caras megales). A touch of life was this as the excited women ran quickly (tachu edramon) as they had been told "to bring his disciples word" (apaggeilai tois maqetais autou). They had the greatest piece of news that it was possible to have. Mark calls it fear and ecstasy. Anything seemed possible now. Mark even says that at first they told no one anything for they were afraid (#Mr 16:9), the tragic close of the text of Mark in Aleph and B, our two oldest manuscripts. But these mingled emotions of ecstasy and dread need cause no surprise when all things are considered.

28:9 {Jesus met them} (iesous hupentesen autais). Came suddenly face to face (antaw, hupo) with them as they brooded over the message of the angel and the fact of the empty tomb (associative instrumental, autais). Cf. #8:34; 24:1-6. Probably the lost portion of Mark's Gospel contained the story of this meeting with Jesus which changed their fears into joy and peace. His greeting was the ordinary "Hail" (chairete). They fell at his feet and held them in reverence while they worshipped him. Jesus allowed this act of worship though he forbade eager handling of his body by Mary Magdalene (#Joh 20:17). It was a great moment of faith and cheer.

28:10 {Fear not} (me fobeisqe). They were still afraid for joy and embarrassment. Jesus calms their excitement by the repetition of the charge from the angel for the disciples to meet him in Galilee. There is no special mention of Peter ("and Peter") as in #Mr 16:7, but we may be sure that the special message to Peter was delivered.

28:11 {Told unto the chief priests} (apeggeilan tois arciereusin). These Roman soldiers had been placed at the disposal of the Sanhedrin. They were probably afraid also to report to Pilate and tell him what had happened. They apparently told a truthful account as far as they understood it. But were the Sanhedrin convinced of the resurrection of Jesus?

28:12 {They gave large money} (arguria hikana edwkan). The use of the plural for pieces of silver (arguria) is common. The papyri have many instances of hikana for considerable (from hikan", to reach to, attain to). These pious Sanhedrists knew full well the power of bribes. They make a contract with the Roman soldiers to tell a lie about the resurrection of Jesus as they paid Judas money to betray him. They show not the slightest tendency to be convinced by the facts though one had risen from the dead.

28:13 {stole him away while we slept} (ekleyan auton hemwn koimwmenwn). Genitive absolute. An Irish bull on the face of it. If they were asleep they would not know anything about it.

28:14 {We will persuade him, and rid you of care} (hemeis peisomen kai humas amerimnous poiesomen). They would try money also on Pilate and assume all responsibility. Hence the soldiers have no anxiety (amerimnous, alpha privative and merimnaw, to be anxious). They lived up to their bargain and this lie lives on through the ages. Justin (_Dial_. 108) accuses the Jews of spreading the charge. Bengel: _Quam laboriosum bellum mendacii contra veritatem_. {It was spread about} (diephˆmisthˆ) diligently by the Jews to excuse their disbelief in the Messiahship of Jesus.

28:17 {But some doubted} (hoi de edistasan). From dis (in two, divided in mind). Cf. #Mt 14:31. The reference is not to the eleven who were all now convinced after some doubt, but to the others present. Paul states that over five hundred were present, most of whom were still alive when he wrote (#1Co 15:6). It is natural that some should hesitate to believe so great a thing at the first appearance of Jesus to them. Their very doubt makes it easier for us to believe. this was the mountain where Jesus had promised to meet them. this fact explains the large number present. Time and place were arranged beforehand. It was the climax of the various appearances and in Galilee where were so many believers. They worshipped (prosekunesan) Jesus as the women had done (#28:9). He is now their Risen Lord and Savior.

28:18 {All authority} (pasa exousia). Jesus came close to them (proselth"n) and made this astounding claim. He spoke as one already in heaven with a world-wide outlook and with the resources of heaven at his command. His authority or power in his earthly life had been great (#7:29; 11:27; 21:23f.). Now it is boundless and includes earth and heaven. {Hath been given} (edoqe) is a timeless aorist (Robertson, _Grammar_, pp. 836f.). It is the sublimist of all spectacles to see the Risen Christ without money or army or state charging this band of five hundred men and women with world conquest and bringing them to believe it possible and to undertake it with serious passion and power. Pentecost is still to come, but dynamic faith rules on this mountain in Galilee.

28:19 {All the nations} (panta ta eqne). Not just the Jews scattered among the Gentiles, but the Gentiles themselves in every land. And not by making Jews of them, though this point is not made plain here. It will take time for the disciples to grow into this _Magna Charta_ of the missionary propaganda. But here is the world program of the Risen Christ and it should not be forgotten by those who seek to foreshorten it all by saying that Jesus expected his second coming to be very soon, even within the lifetime of those who heard. He did promise to come, but he has never named the date. Meanwhile we are to be ready for his coming at any time and to look for it joyfully. But we are to leave that to the Father and push on the campaign for world conquest. this program includes making disciples or learners (mathˆteusate) such as they were themselves. That means evangelism in the fullest sense and not merely revival meetings. Baptism in (eis, not _into_) the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, in the name of the Trinity. Objection is raised to this language in the mouth of Jesus as too theological and as not a genuine part of the Gospel of Matthew for the same reason. See #Mt 11:27, where Jesus speaks of the Father and the Son as here. But it is all to no purpose. There is a chapter devoted to this subject in my _The Christ of the Logia_ in which the genuineness of these words is proven. The name of Jesus is the essential part of it as is shown in the Acts. Trine immersion is not taught as the Greek Church holds and practices, baptism in the name of the Father, qen of the Son, qen of the Holy Spirit. The use of name (onoma) here is a common one in the Septuagint and the papyri for power or authority. For the use of eis with onoma in the sense here employed, not meaning _into_, see #Mt 10:41f. (cf. also #12:41).

28:20 {Teaching them} (didaskontes autous). Christians have been slow to realize the full value of what we now call religious education. The work of teaching belongs to the home, to the church (sermon, Sunday school, young people's work, prayer-meeting, study classes, mission classes), to the school (not mixing of church and state, but moral instruction if not the reading of the Bible), good books which should be in every home, reading of the Bible itself. Some react too far and actually put education in the place of conversion or regeneration. That is to miss the mark. But teaching is part, a weighty part, of the work of Christians.