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LEVITICUS 11

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  1  What beasts may;
 4  and what may not be eaten.
 9  What fishes.
13  What fowls.
29  The creeping things which are unclean.


VERSE 1
   * :1

VERSE 2
    * De 14:3-8 Eze 4:14 Da 1:8 Mt 15:11 Mr 7:15-19 Ac 10:12,14
   * Ro 14:2,3,14,15 1Ti 4:4-6 Heb 9:10; 13:9
  Of the laws relative to clean and unclean beasts, which are
  recorded in this chapter and Deut. ch. 14 the following may
  be found a useful abstract.  1.  In regard to quadrupeds, all
  beasts that have their feet completely cloven, above as well
  as below, and at the same time chew the cud, are clean.
  Those which have neither, or indeed want one of these
  distinguishing marks, are unclean.  This is a systematic
  division of quadrupeds so excellent, as never yet, after all
  the improvements in natural history, to have become obsolete,
  but, on the contrary, to be still considered as useful by the
  greatest masters of the science.  2.  With regard to fishes,
  Moses has in like manner, made a very simple systematic
  distinction.  All that have scales and fins are clean; all
  others unclean.  3.  Of birds, he merely specifies certain
  sorts as forbidden, thereby permitting all others to be
  eaten.  4.  Insects, serpents, worms, etc., are prohibited;
  but with regard, however to those winged insects, which
  besides four walking legs, also have two longer springing
  legs, (Pedes saltatorii,) Moses makes an exception, and under
  the denomination of locusts, declares them clean in all four
  stages of their existence.  In Palestine, Arabia, and the
  adjoining countries, locusts are one of the most common
  articles of food, and people would be very ill of if they
  dare not eat them:  For, when a swarm of them desolates the
  fields, they prove in some measure themselves an antidote to
  the famine which they occasion.  They are not only eaten
  fresh, immediately on their appearance, but the people
  collect them, and know a method of preserving them for a long
  time for food, after they have dried them in an oven.
  --Niebuhr's Description of Arabia, pp. 170-175.


VERSE 3 
 - parteth.
   * Ps 1:1 Pr 9:6 2Co 6:17
- cheweth.
   * De 6:6,7; 16:3-8 Ps 1:2 Pr 2:1,2,10 Ac 17:11 1Ti 4:15


VERSE 4 
 - unclean unto you.
   * Ge 7:1,2 De 14:1-29 Isa 52:11 1Co 8:13 1Th 5:22 1Jo 3:4


VERSE 5 
 - the coney.
  {Shaphan,} most probably an animal resembling the rabbit,
  called by Dr. Shaw, {daman} (probably for {ganam}) Israel,
  "Israel's lamb," and by Bruce, {ashkoko,} which name he
  imagines is "derived from the singularity of these long
  herenacious hairs, which, like small thorns, grow about his
  back, and which an Amhara are called {ashok.}"  This curious
  animal abounds in Judea, Palestine, Arabia, and Ethiopia; and
  is described as being about seventeen inches when sitting.
  It has no tail; and at first sight gives the idea of a rat.
  Its color is grey, mixed with reddish brown; the belly
  white, the body covered with strong polished hairs, for the
  most part about two inches in length; the ears round, and not
  pointed; the feet round, of a soft, pulpy, tender substance;
  the toes projecting beyond the nails, which are rather broad
  than sharp; the upper jaw is longer than the other; it lives
  upon grain, fruit, and roots, and certainly chews the cud;
  and it does not burrow like the hare and rabbit, but lives in
  clefts of the rocks.

   * Ps 104:18 Pr 30:26
- but divideth.
   * Job 36:14 Mt 7:26 Ro 2:18-24 Php 3:18,19 2Ti 3:5 Tit 1:16


VERSE 6 
 - the hare.
   * De 14:7


VERSE 7 
 - swine.
   * De 14:8 Isa 65:4; 66:3,17 Mt 7:6 Lu 8:33; 15:15 2Pe 2:18-22


VERSE 8 
 - they are unclean.
   * Le 5:2 Isa 52:11 Ho 9:3 Mt 15:11,20 Mr 7:2,15,18 Ac 10:10-15
   * Ac 10:28; 15:29 Ro 14:14-17,21 1Co 8:8 2Co 6:17 Eph 5:7,11
   * Col 2:16,21-23 Heb 9:10

VERSE 9
    * De 14:9,10 Ac 20:21 Ga 5:6 Jas 2:18 1Jo 5:2-5


VERSE 10 
 - they shall be.
   * Le 7:18 De 14:3 Ps 139:21,22 Pr 13:20; 29:27 Re 21:8

VERSE 11
    * :11

VERSE 12


VERSE 13 
 - the eagle.
  In Hebrew, {nesher,} Chaldee, {neshar,} Syriac, {neshro,} and
  Arabic, {nishr,} the eagle, one of the largest, strongest,
  swiftest, fiercest, and most rapacious of the feathered race.
  His eye is large, dark, and piercing; his beak powerful and
  hooked; his legs strong and feathered; his feet yellow and
  armed with four very long and terrific claws; his wings very
  large and powerful; his body compact and robust; his bones
  hard; his flesh firm; his feathers coarse; his attitude
  fierce and erect; his motions lively; his flight extremely
  rapid and towering; and his cry the terror of every wing.

   * De 14:12-20 Job 28:7; 38:41; 39:27-30 Jer 4:13,22; 48:40 La 4:19
   * Ho 8:1 Hab 1:8 Mt 24:28 Ro 1:28-32; 3:13-17 Tit 3:3
  the ossifrage.
  {Peres,} from {paras} to break, probably the species of eagle
  anciently called {ossifraga} or bone-breaker, (from {os,} a
  bone, and {frango,} to break,) because it not only strips off
  the flesh, but breaks the bone, in order to extract the
  marrow.

  the ospray.
  Hebrew {¢zniyah,} Arabic {azan,} and Chaldee {azyah,} (from
  {azaz,} to be strong,) a species of eagle, probably the black
  eagle, so remarkable for its strength.

VERSE 14
    * :14

VERSE 15
    * Ge 8:7 1Ki 17:4,6 Pr 30:17 Lu 12:24

VERSE 16
    * De 14:15-18 Ps 102:6 Isa 13:21,22; 34:11-15 Joh 3:19-21
   * Eph 2:2,3; 4:18,19; 5:7-11 Php 3:18,19 1Th 5:5-7 Re 18:2

VERSE 17
    * :17

VERSE 18


VERSE 19 
 - bat.
   * Isa 2:20; 66:17

VERSE 20
    * :23,27 De 14:19 2Ki 17:28-41 Ps 17:14 Mt 6:24 Php 3:18,19
   * 2Ti 4:10 1Jo 2:15-17 Jude 1:10,19

VERSE 21
    * :21

VERSE 22
    * Ex 10:4,5 Isa 35:3 Mt 3:4 Mr 1:6 Ro 14:1; 15:1 Heb 5:11
   * Heb 12:12,13

VERSE 23
    * :23

VERSE 24
    * :8,27,28,31,38-40; 17:15,16 Isa 22:14 1Co 15:33 2Co 6:17
   * Eph 2:1-3; 5:11 Col 2:16,17,20 Heb 9:26 1Jo 1:7


VERSE 25 
 - wash his clothes, and be unclean.
   * :28,40; 14:8; 15:5,7-11,13; 16:28 Ex 19:10,14 Nu 19:8,10,19,21,22
   * Nu 31:24 Ps 51:2,7 Zec 13:1 Joh 13:8 Ac 22:16 Heb 9:10; 10:22
   * 1Pe 3:21 1Jo 1:7 Re 7:14

VERSE 26


VERSE 27 
 - See ver.
   * :20,23


VERSE 28 
 - beareth.
   * :24,25
- shall wash.
   * :14


VERSE 29 
 - creeping things that creep.
   * :20,21,41,42 Ps 10:3; 17:13,14 Hag 2:6 Lu 12:15; 16:14 Joh 6:26
   * Joh 6:66 Eph 4:14 Php 3:19 Col 3:5 2Ti 3:2-5 Heb 13:5

VERSE 30
    * :30

VERSE 31
    * :8,24,25


VERSE 32 
 - it must be put into water.
   * Le 6:28; 15:12 Tit 2:14; 3:5


VERSE 33 
 - ye shall break it.
   * :35; 14:45 Jer 48:38 2Co 5:1-8 Php 3:21

VERSE 34
    * Pr 15:8; 21:4,27; 28:8 Tit 1:15


VERSE 35 
 - they shall be.
   * :33; 6:28; 15:12 2Co 5:1-7


VERSE 36 
 - a fountain.
   * Zec 13:1 Joh 4:14
- wherein there is plenty of water.  Heb. a gathering together
  of waters.


VERSE 37 
 - sowing seed.
   * 1Co 15:37 1Pe 1:23 1Jo 3:9; 5:18

VERSE 38
    * :38

VERSE 39
    * :24,28,31,40; 15:5,7 Nu 19:11,16


VERSE 40 
 - eateth.  See on ver.
   * :25; 17:15,16; 22:8 Ex 22:31 De 14:21 Isa 1:16 Eze 4:14; 36:25
   * Eze 44:31 Zec 13:1 1Co 6:11; 10:21 1Jo 1:7
- shall wash.
   * :28; 14:8,9; 15:5-10,27; 16:26,28 Nu 19:7,8,19


VERSE 41 
 - See on ver.
   * :20,23,29


VERSE 42 
 - goeth upon the belly.
   * Ge 3:14,15 Isa 65:25 Mic 7:17 Mt 3:7; 23:23 Joh 8:44
   * 2Co 11:3,13 Tit 1:12
- hath more feet.  Heb. doth multiply feet.


VERSE 43 
 - Ye shall.
   * :41,42; 20:25
- yourselves.  Heb. your souls.


VERSE 44 
 - I am the.  See on
   * Ex 20:2
- ye shall.
   * Le 10:3; 19:2; 20:7,26 Ex 19:6 De 14:2 1Sa 6:20 Ps 99:5,9
   * Isa 6:3-5 Am 3:3 Mt 5:48 1Th 4:7 1Pe 1:15,16; 2:9 Re 22:11


VERSE 45 
 - that bringeth.
   * Ex 6:7 Ps 105:43-45
- be holy.  See on ver.
   * :44 Ex 6:7; 20:2 Ps 105:43-45 Ho 11:1 1Th 4:7


VERSE 46 
 - This.
  The distinction of clean and unclean animals, (see note on Le
  2 11:2) existed even before the flood, though it probably then
  only related to sacrifices; but at this time we find there
  were very particular laws enacted respecting the diet of the
  people, and the ceremonial uncleanness contracted by touching
  the carcases of unclean animals.  The reasons for the
  enactment of these laws seem to be--1.  As a test of
  obedience, and to teach the Israelites habits of self-denial,
  and the government of their appetites.  2.  To keep them
  distinct from other nations, and consequently from their
  idolatrous usages, by throwing hindrances in the way of their
  social intercourse; for these distinctions were applicable
  both to persons and things.  The Canaanites not only ate the
  animals prohibited by Moses, which we usually eat, but others
  also, among which dogs were one.  Besides, many of those
  declared unclean were sacred among the heathen, and
  sacrificed to their gods.  3.  Because those prohibited were
  innutritive and unwholesome; as the swine, the flesh of which
  being strong and difficult to digest, affords a very gross
  aliment, and produces, especially in hot climates, cutaneous,
  scrophulous, and scorbutic disorders, as the itch, leprosy,
  etc.

   * Le 7:37; 14:54; 15:32 Eze 43:12

VERSE 47
    * Le 10:10 Eze 44:23 Mal 3:18 Ro 14:2,3,13-23



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