CHAPTER VII

1. It is good (kalon). See on John x. 11. Not merely expedient, but morally salutary. The statement, however, is made in the light of circumstances, see ver. 26, and is to be read with others, such as 2 Corinthians xi. 2; Rom. vii. 4; Eph. v. 28-33, in all which marriage is made the type of the union between Christ and His Church. See also Heb. xiii. 4.

5 May give yourselves (scolashte). Lit., may have leisure. Like the Latin phrase vacaare rei to be free for a thing, and so to devote one's self to it.

Incontinency (akrasian). Only here and Matt. xxiii. 35, on which see note.

7. As I myself. Not unmarried, but continent. It is not necessary to assume that Paul had never been married. Marriage was regarded as a duty among the Jews, so that a man was considered to have sinned if he had reached the age of twenty without marrying. The Mishna fixed the age of marriage at seventeen or eighteen, and the Babylonish Jews as early as fourteen. A rabbinical precept declared that a Jew who has no wife is not a man. It is not certain, but most probable, that Saul was a member of the Sanhedrim (Acts xxvi. 10). If so, he must have been married, as marriage was a condition of membership. From ver. 8 it is plausibly inferred that he classed himself among widowers. Farrar ("Life and Work of St. Paul," i., 80) has some beautiful remarks upon the evidence for his marriage afforded by the wisdom and tenderness of his words concerning it. 94 Gift (carisma). See on Rom. i. 11. As regards the matter of continence, fitting some for marriage and some for celibacy.

9. Cannot contain (ouk egkrateuontai). Rev., have not continence. Only here, and ch. ix. 25, of athletes abstaining from sensual indulgences when preparing for the games.

To burn. Continuous present, to burn on: continuance in unsatisfied desire.

10. Not I, but the Lord. Referring to Christ's declarations respecting divorce, Matt. v. 31, 32; xix. 3-12. Not a distinction between an inspired and an uninspired saying. Paul means that his readers had no need to apply to him for instruction in the matter of divorce, since they had the words of Christ himself.

12. To the rest. He has been speaking to the unmarried (ver. 8) and to married parties, both of whom were Christians (ver. 10). By the rest he means married couples, one of which remained a heathen.

I, not the Lord. These cases are not included in Christ's declarations. Be pleased (suneudokei). Rev., be content. Better, consent. Both the other renderings fail to express the agreement indicated by sun together.

14. Is sanctified (hgiastai). Not, made morally holy, but affiliated to the Christian community - the family of the agioi saints - in virtue of his being "one flesh" with his Christian wife.

15. Is not under bondage (ou dedoulwtai). A strong word, indicating that Christianity has not made marriage a state of slavery to believers. Compare dedetai is bound, ver. 39, a milder word. The meaning clearly is that willful desertion on the part of the unbelieving husband or wife sets the other party free. Such cases are not comprehended in Christ's words. Hath called us to peace (en eirhnh keklhken hmav). Rev., correctly, in peace. Compare Gal. i. 6, "into the grace" (ejn cariti, Rev., in); Eph. iv. 4, in one hope (en mia elpidi); 1 Thess. iv. 7, in sanctification (en agiasmw). Denoting the sphere or element of the divine calling. Enslavement in the marriage relation between the believer and the unbeliever is contrary to the spirit and intent of this calling.

17. But (ei mh). Rev., only. Introducing a limitation to the statement in ver

15. There is to be no enslavement, only, to give no excuse for the reckless abuse of this general principle, the normal rule of Christian life is that each one should seek to abide in the position in which God has placed him.

Ordain (diatassomai). See on Matt. xi. 1.

18. Become uncircumcised (epispasqw). The reference is to the process of restoring a circumcised person to his natural condition by a surgical operation. See Josephus, "Antiquities," 12, 5, 1; 1 Macc. i. 15; Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible," Article Circumcision; Celsus, "De Re Medica," cited in Wetstein with other passages. See, also, Edwards' note on this passage.

20. Calling (klhsei), Not the condition or occupation, a meaning which the word does not have in classical Greek, nor in the New Testament, where it always signifies the call of God into His kingdom through conversion. Paul means: If God's call was to you as a circumcised man or as an uncircumcised man; as a slave or as a freedman - abide in that condition. Compare ch. i. 26.

21. Use it rather. Whether the apostle means, use the bondage or use the freedom - whether, take advantage of the offer of freedom, or, remain in slavery - is, as Dean Stanley remarks, one of the most evenly balanced questions in the interpretation of the New Testament. The force of kai even, and the positive injunction of the apostle in vers. 20 and 24, seem to favor the meaning, remain in slavery.95 The injunction is to be read in the light of ver. 22, and of Gal. iii. 28; Col. iii. 11; 1 Corinthians xii. 13, that freeman and slave are one in Christ; and also of the feeling pervading the Church of the speedy termination of the present economy by the second coming of the Lord. See vers. 26, 29. We must be careful to avoid basing our conclusion on the modern sentiment respecting freedom and slavery.

22. Freeman (apeleuqerov). Rev., correctly, freedman; the preposition ajp' from implying previous bondage.

23. The servants of men. Not referring to the outward condition of bondage, but to spiritual subjection to the will and guidance of men as contrasted with Christ.

25. Virgins (parqenwn). Not the unmarried of both sexes, as Bengel. The use of the word by ecclesiastical writers for an unmarried man has no warrant in classical usage, and may have arisen from the misinterpretation of Apoc. xiv. 4, where it is employed adjectivally and metaphorically. In every other case in the New Testament the meaning is unquestionable.

26. The present distress (thn enestwsan anagkhn). Enestwsan present may also express something which is not simply present, but the presence of which foreshadows and inaugurates something to come. Hence it may be rendered impending or setting in. See on Rom. viii. 38. Anagkh means originally force, constraint, necessity, and this is its usual meaning in classical Greek; though in the poets it sometimes has the meaning of distress, anguish, which is very common in Hellenistic Greek. Thus Sophocles, of the approach of the crippled Philoctetes: "There falls on my ears the sound of one who creeps slow and painfully (kat' ajnagkhn." "Philoctetes," 206); and again, of the same: "Stumbling he cries for pain (uJp' ajnagkav," 215). In the Attic orators it occurs in the sense of blood-relationship, like the Latin necessitudo a binding tie. In this sense never in the New Testament. For the original sense of necessity, see Matt. xviii. 97; Luke xiv. 18; 2 Cor. ix. 7; Heb. ix. 16. For distress, Luke xxi. 23; 1 Thess. iii. 7. The distress is that which should precede Christ's second coming, and which was predicted by the Lord himself, Matt. xxiv. 8 sqq. Compare Luke xxi. 23-28.

28. I spare you (umwn feidomai). Rev., "I would spare," is not warranted grammatically, but perhaps avoids the ambiguity of I spare, which might be understood: I spare you further mention of these things. The meaning is: I give you these injunctions in order to spare you the tribulation of the flesh.

29. Time (kairov). Not, the period of mortal life; but the time which must elapse before the Lord appears.

Short (sunestalmenov) Rev., correctly, giving the force of the participle, shortened. Compare Mark xiii. 20, and see on hasting unto, 2 Pet. iii. 12. The word means to draw together or contract. Only here and Acts v. 6, where it is used of the winding up of Ananias' corpse. In classical Greek of furling sails, packing luggage, reducing expenses, etc. Applied to time, the word is very graphic.

It remaineth that (to loipon ina). The meaning is rather henceforth, or for the future. That (ina) in any case is to be construed with the time is shortened. According to the punctuation by different editors, we may read either: the time is shortened that henceforth both those, etc.; or, the time is shortened henceforth, that both those, etc. The former is preferable.96 The time is shortened that henceforth Christians may hold earthly ties and possessions but loosely

31 Abusing (katacrwmenoi). Only here and ch ix. 18. The verb means to use up or consume by using. Hence the sense of misuse by overuse. So A.V. and Rev., abuse. But the American Rev., and Rev. at ch. ix. 18, use to the full, thus according better with the preceding antitheses, which do not contrast what is right and wrong in itself (as use and abuse), but what is right in itself with what is proper under altered circumstances. In ordinary cases it is right for Christians to sorrow; but they should live now as in the near future, when earthly sorrow is to be done away. It is right for them to live in the married state, but they should "assimilate their present condition" to that in which they neither marry nor are given in marriage. Passeth away (paragei). Or, as some, the continuous present, is passing. If the former, the nature of the worldly order is expressed. It is transitory. If the latter, the fact; it is actually passing, with a suggestion of the nearness of the consummation. The context seems to indicate the latter.97

32. Without carefulness (amerimnouv). Not a good translation, because carefulness has lost its earlier sense of anxiety. So Latimer: "This wicked carefulness of men, when they seek how to live - like as if there were no God at all." See on take no thought, Matt. vi. 25. Rev., free from cares. Ignatius uses the phrase ejn ajmerimnia Qeou in godly carelessness (Polycarp, 7.).

34. There is a difference. The textual question here is very perplexing, and it is well-nigh impossible to explain the differences to the English reader. He must observe, 1st. That gunh wife is also the general term for woman, whether virgin, married, or widow. 2nd. That memeristai A.V., there is a difference, literally means, is divided, so that the literal rendering of the A.V., would be, the wife and the virgin are divided. Some of the best texts insert kai and both before and after is divided, and join that verb with the close of ver. 33, so that it reads: careth for the things of the world how he may please his wife, and he is distracted. This makes gunh and parqenov (A.V., wife and virgin) begin a new sentence connected with the preceding by kai and Gunh is rendered woman, and the words h agamov the unmarried, instead of beginning a sentence as A.V., are placed directly after woman as a qualifying phrase, so that the reading is hJ gunh hJ agamov the unmarried woman, and both this and hJ parqenov the virgin are nominative to merimna careth. The whole, then, from the beginning of ver 33, will read: But he who is married careth for the things of the world how he may please his wife, and he is distracted; and the unmarried woman and the virgin care for the things of the Lord.98

35. Snare (brocon). Lit., a noose or slip-knot for hanging or strangling. Thus Homer of Jocasta: "She went to Hades having suspended a noose on high from the lofty roof" ("Odyssey," 11, 278). Sophocles, of Antigone:

"We descried her hanging by the neck, slung by a thread-wrought halter of fine linen" ("Antigone," 1222). Also a snare for birds; the meshes of a net. That ye may attend (prov - euparedron). Only here in the New Testament. From euj well, paredrov setting beside. That ye may attend is a kind of circumlocution. The Greek reads literally: for that which is seemly and for that which is assiduous. Assiduous conveys the sense of the word as nearly as possible, since etymologically it means sitting close at. One is reminded of Mary at Bethany sitting at Jesus' feet, Luke x. 39.

Without distraction (aperispastwv) See on Luke x. 40. The same word compounded here with aj not, is used of Martha's being cumbered or distracted with much serving.

36. Behaveth himself uncomely (aschmonein). Acts unbecomingly, either by throwing temptation in the daughter's way by constraining her to remain unmarried, or by exposing her to the disgrace which was supposed to attach to the unmarried state. But Paul, in his preceding words, has regarded the latter consideration as set aside by the peculiar circumstances of the time.

His virgin (thn parqenon autou). Rev. properly inserts daughter. It is an unusual expression for daughter. Xenophon uses it with the word qugathr daughter ("Cyropaedia," iv., 6, 9), and Oedipus speaks of his two daughters as my maidens (Sophocles, "Oedipus Tyrannus," 1462) Pass the flower of her age (h uperakmov). Rev., correctly, be past. Beyond the bloom of life. Plato fixes the point at twenty years ("Republic," 460). Diogenes Laertius says: "An undowered maiden is a heavy burden to a father after she has outrun the flower of her age" ("Lycon," v., 65) Let them marry. Evidently there was assumed to be another in the case beside the father and the virgin.

37. Necessity (anagkhn). Either outward or moral constraint. See on ver. 26, and note on Luke xiv. 18.

Power over his own will (exousian peri tou idiou qelhmatov). The A.V. is ambiguous, and might be understood to imply self-control. The meaning is rather: is free to act as he pleases. Rev., as touching his own will. The repetition of his own emphasizes the fact that the disposal of the daughter lay wholly in the parent's power. Among the Greeks and Romans the choice of a wife was rarely grounded upon affection. In many cases the father chose for his son a wife whom the latter had never seen, or compelled him to marry for the sake of checking his extravagances. Thus Terence pictures a father meeting his son in the forum, and saving. "You are to be married to-day, get ready" ("Andria," i., 5) Nor was the consent of a woman generally thought necessary. She was obliged to submit to the wishes of her parents, and perhaps to receive a stranger. Thus Hermione says: "My marriage is my father's care: it is not for me to decide about that" (Euripides, "Andromache," 987). Under the patriarchal and Mosaic dispensations, the father's power over the children in the matter of marriage was paramount, and their consent was not required. After the Exile the parents could betroth their children, while minors, at their pleasure; but when they became of age their consent was required, and if betrothed during minority, they had afterward the right of insisting upon divorce.

39. Be dead (koimhqh). Lit., have fallen asleep. See on Acts vii. 60; 2 Peter iii. 4; compare Rom. vii. 2, where the usual word for die, ajpoqanh is used. In that passage Paul is discussing the abstract question. Here the inference is more personal, which is perhaps the reason for his using the more tender expression.