CHAPTER XII

1. An innumerable multitude (twn muriadwn tou oclou). The word muriav strictly means a number of ten thousand. It is our word myriad. Hence, generally, of any countless number.

First of all. Many connect this with what follows: "first of all beware," etc.

Leaven. See on Matt. xiii. 33.

Which (htiv). Classifying the leaven: which belongs to the category of hypocrisy.

Hypocrisy. See on hypocrites, Matt. xxiii. 13.

2. Covered up (sugkekalummenon). Only here in New Testament: implying close concealment.

3. Closets (tameioiv). The word has the same root as temnw, to cut or divide, and means an apartment where supplies are divided and apportioned: a treasury, magazine, and therefore a secret and well-guarded place. There the steward (tamiav), the distributor, has his seat.

House-tops. See on Matt. xxiv. 17.

4. Unto you, my friends (umin toiv filoiv mou). See on Pharisees and lawyers, ch. xi. 43, 46. Not an address, "O my friends," but, "unto you, the friends of me."

Be not afraid of (mh fobhqhte apo). Lit., "fear not from;" i.e., from the hands of.

5. I will forewarn (upodeixw). Rev., warn. See on warned, ch. iii. 7. Hell. See on Matt. v. 22.

6. Sparrows. See on Matt. x. 29.

Fall. See on Matt. x. 29.

7. Confess me. Lit., "confess in me." See on Matt. x. 32.

10. A word (logon). Distinguished from blaspheme, which follows. A word against the poor and humble Son of Man might, as Godet observes, have proceeded from a sincerely pious Jew, under the influence of his early education, which taught him to regard Jesus as an enthusiast or even as an impostor. The sin of the Jews was in rejecting and resisting the power of the Spirit of Pentecost. Pardon was offered them there for the sin of crucifying the Lord (see Acts ii. 38-40, and compare Acts iii. 17-19).

11. Answer (apologhshsqe). See on 1 Pet. iii. 15.

14. Made (katesthsen). Appointed or constituted.

15. Beware of (fulassesqe apo). Lit., guard yourselves from.

17. Bestow (sunaxw). Lit., gather together.

18. Fruits (genhmata). Some texts, however, read ton siton, my corn. So Rev. 19. Soul (yuch). See on Mark xii. 30.

Take thine ease. See on Matt. xi. 28.

20. Fool (afrwn). Senseless. In Xenophon's "Memorabilia," Socrates, addressing Aristodemus, says, "Which do you take to be the more worthy of admiration, those who make images without sense (afrona) or motion, or those who make intelligent and active creations?" (1, iv., 4). Sometimes, also, in the sense of crazed, frantic, but never in New Testament.

Is required (ajpaitousin). Lit., they require; i.e., the messengers of God. The indefiniteness is impressive.

Whose shall those things be which thou hast provided? The Greek order puts that first which was uppermost in the rich man's thought - his accumulations: "and the things which thou hast provided (Rev., prepared), whose shall they be?" God does not say, "the things which thou hast or possessest." The whole question of the tenure of his property is opened for the rich man. He had said my fruits and my goods. Now his proprietorship is ignored. They are not his. Whose shall they be? He is to be dispossessed at once. Plato relates how Pluto complained to Zeus that the souls of the dead found their way to the wrong places, because the judged have their clothes on, and evil souls are clothed in fair bodies, so that the judges, who also have their clothes on and their souls veiled by their mortal part, are deceived. Zeus replies: "In the first place, I will deprive men of the foreknowledge of death which they now have. In the second place, they shall be entirely stripped before they are judged, for they shall be judged when they are dead; and the judge, too, shall be naked; that is to say, dead. He, with his naked soul, shall pierce into the other naked soul, and they shall die suddenly and be deprived of all their kindred, and leave their brave attire strewn upon the earth" ("Gorgias," 523).

22. Take no thought. See on Matt. vi. 25.

24. Consider. See on Matt. vii. 3.

Storehouse (tameion). See on ver. 3.

25. Stature (hlikian). The original meaning of the word is time of life, age. So, commonly, in classical Greek. See, also, John ix. 21, 23; Hebrews xi. 11. The other meaning, stature, also occurs. Herodotus speaks of one who was of the same height (hlikihn) with another (iii. 16). But both the usage and the connection are in favor of the meaning age. A measure of time is sometimes represented by a measure of length, as in Ps. xxxix. 5; but, most of all, the addition of a cubit (a foot and a half) to one's stature would not be a small one, as the text implies (that which is least), but a very large one. Moreover, Christ is speaking of food and clothing, the object of which is to foster and prolong life. Rev., age, in margin.

27. How they grow. Some texts omit they grow, and read how they toil not, etc.

Toil - spin (kopianhqei). Some read, instead of toil, uJfainei, weave.

28. Which is today in the field. Construe in the field with the grass; and render is absolutely: exists, lives. So Rev., the grass in the field which today is.

Oven (klibanon). Strictly, a covered earthen vessel, wider at bottom than at top, in which bread was baked by putting hot embers round it. The regular oven or furnace is ijpnov. Herodotus, speaking of the papyrus-plant (byblus), the lower portion of which is used for food, says, "Such as wish to enjoy the byblus in full perfection, bake it first in a closed vessel (en klibanw), heated to a glow" (ii. 92).

And seek not what ye, etc. Ye is emphatic: "and ye, seek not what," etc.

29. Be ye of doubtful mind (metewrizesqe). Only here in New Testament. The verb primarily means to raise to a height; buoy up, as with false hopes; and so to unsettle, or excite, or keep in fluctuation. Thus Thucydides says of the war between Athens and Sparta: "All Hellas was excited (metewrov) by the coming conflict between the two chief cities" (ii. 8).

33. Bags (ballantia). From ballw, to throw. Something into which money and other things are cast. Rev., purses. See on ch. x. 4. Wyc., satchels.

Moth. Compare Jas. v. 2.

36. Shall return (analush). The verb means, originally, to unloose: so of vessels, to unloose their moorings and go to sea. Of departing generally. This is its sense in the only other passage where it occurs, Philippians i. 23, "having a desire to depart, or break up; the metaphor being drawn from breaking up an encampment." Compare departure (analusewv), 2 Timothy iv. 6. The rendering return is a kind of inference from this: when he shall leave the wedding and return.

Wedding (twn gamwn). Properly, the marriage-feast. See on Matthew xxii. 2.

37. Watching. See on Mark xiii. 35.

Gird himself. As a servant girding up his loose garments to wait on the table.

Serve. See on minister, Matt. xx. 26.

38. Second watch. See on Mark xiii. 35.

39. What hour (poia wra). See on Matt. xxiv. 42.

Would come. Lit., cometh. See on Matt. xxiv. 43.

Broken through. See on Matt. vi. 19.

42. That faithful and wise steward. Lit., that faithful steward, the wise man.

Household (qerapeiav). From its original meaning of waiting on, attendance (Luke ix. 11), it comes to mean the retinue of attendants; the body of household servants.

Portion of meat (sitometrion). Lit., measure of food.

In due season. At the appointed time for distributing rations. See on Matt. xxiv. 45.

45. Delayeth. The emphatic word, since the thought of the lord's delay and of the postponement of the reckoning is uppermost in the servant's thought.

46. Unbelievers (apistwn). Much better as Rev., the unfaithful; for it is of fidelity, not of faith, that Christ is speaking. Wyc., unfaithful men.

48. Stripes. See on ch. x. 30.

Commit. See on set before, ch. ix. 16.

49. Fire. A spiritual impulse which shall result in the divisions described in the following verses.

50. Am I straitened. See on ch. iv. 38, and compare 2 Cor. v. 14; Philip. i. 23. Wyc., constrained.

53. The father shall be divided, etc. But the verb is in the plural.

Rightly, as Rev., "They shall be divided, the father against the son," etc. Daughter-in-law. See on Matt. x. 35.

54. A cloud. With the definite article, the cloud, which you so often see. There cometh a shower. Or, a shower is coming. See on Jas. v. 7.

It is (ginetai). Better, as Rev., it cometh to pass.

55. Heat (kauswn). See on Jas. i. 10; Matt. xx. 12.

Discern (dokimazein). See on trial and tried, 1 Pet. i. 7. It means here test or prove. You can test and prove the weather by your signs; but you cannot apply the proof which lies in the signs of the times. Rev., interpret, gives the idea. Wyc., prove.

57. Of yourselves. In the exercise of your ordinary habits of observation which you apply to the heavens.

58. When thou goest (wv gar upageiv). The A.V. does not translate gar, for. Rev., correctly, for as thou art going. Their own judgment should show them the necessity of repentance toward God; and this duty is urged under the figure of a debtor who meets his creditor in the way, and whose best policy it is to make terms on the spot.

As thou art in the way. Emphatic, standing first in the Greek order: "On the way give diligence."

Hale (katasurh). Drag. Compare haul. Only here in New Testament.

Officer (praktori). From prassw, to effect or accomplish; to bring things to an issue, and hence to exact. The name praktor was given at Athens to an officer charged with the collection of taxes; hence an exactor, as Rev., in margin. Only here in New Testament.