CHAPTER XIII

1. Stones. The spring-stones of the arches of the bridge which spanned the valley of Tyropoeon (the cheese-makers), and connected the ancient city of David with the royal porch of the temple, measured twenty-four feet in length by six in thickness. Yet these were by no means the largest in the masonry of the temple. Both at the southeastern and southwestern angles stones have been found measuring from twenty to forty feet long, and weighing above one hundred tons (Edersheim, "Temple").

2. Thrown down (kataluqh). Rather, loosened down. A very graphic word, implying gradual demolition.

3. Note the particularity of detail in Mark. He adds, over against the temple, and the names of the four who asked the question. With the following discourse compare Matthew 24.

6. In my name (epi). Lit., upon. Basing their claims on the use of my name.

7. Rumors of wars. Wyc., opinions of battles. Such as would be a cause of terror to the Hebrew Christians; as the three threats of war against the Jews by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. There were serious disturbances at Alexandria, A.D. 38, in which the Jews were the especial objects of persecution; at Seleucia about the same time, in which more than fifty thousand Jews were killed; and at Jamnia, near Joppa.

Troubled (qroeisqe). Qroew is, literally, to cry aloud.

Earthquakes. Between the prophecy and the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) occurred: A great earthquake in Crete, A.D. 46 or xlvii. at Rome, on the day on which Nero entered his majority, A.D. li. at Apameia, in Phrygia, A.D. 53; "on account of which," says Tacitus, "they were exempted from tribute for five years:" at Laodicea, in Phrygia, A.D. lx. in Campania, A.D. 63, by which, according to Tacitus, the city of Pompeii was largely destroyed.

Famines. During the reign of Claudius, A.D. 41-54, four famines are recorded: One at Rome, A.D. 41, 42; one in Judaea, A.D. 44; one in Greece, A.D. 50; and again at Rome, A.D. 52, when the people rose in rebellion and threatened the life of the emperor. Tacitus says that it was accompanied by frequent earthquakes, which levelled houses. The famine in Judaea was probably the one prophesied by Agabus, Acts xi. 28. Of the year 65 A.D., Tacitus says: "This year, disgraced by so many deeds of horror, was further distinguished by the gods with storms and sicknesses. Campania was devastated by a hurricane which overthrew buildings, trees, and the fruits of the soil in every direction, even to the gates of the city, within which a pestilence thinned all ranks of the population, with no atmospheric disturbance that the eye could trace. The houses were choked with dead, the roads with funerals: neither sex nor age escaped. Slaves and freemen perished equally amid the wailings of their wives and children, who were often hurried to the pyre by which they had sat in tears, and consumed together with them. The deaths of knights and senators, promiscuous as they were, deserved the less to be lamented, inasmuch as, falling by the common lot of mortality, they seemed to anticipate the prince's cruelty " ("Annals," xvi., 10-13).

9. Sorrows (wdinwn). Rev., rightly, travail; for the word is used especially of birth-throes.

Shall ye be beaten (darhsesqe). The verb literally means to skin or flay, and by a slang usage, like our phrase to tan or hide, comes to mean to cudgel or beat.

11. They lead (agwsin). Present subjunctive; better perhaps, may be leading. While you are going along in custody to the judgment-seat, do not be worrying about your defences.

Take no thought beforehand (mh promerimnate). See on Matthew vi. 25.

14. Abomination. See on Matt. xxiv. 15.

15. Housetop. See on Matt. xxiv. 17.

19. The creation which God created. Note the peculiar amplification, and compare verse 20, the elect or chosen whom he chose.

20. Shortened. See on Matt. xxiv. 22.

22. Shall shew (dwsousin). Lit., shall give. A few editors, however, read poihsousin, shall make or do.

24. Light (feggov). The word is used in the New Testament wherever the light of the moon is referred to. Compare Matt. xxiv. 29, the only other instance. It occurs also in Luke xi. 33, but meaning the light-of a lamp.

25. The stars of heaven shall fall. A rendering which falls very far short of the graphic original: oiJ ajsterev esontai ejk tou oujranou piptontev: the stars shall be falling from heaven. So Rev., thus giving the sense of continuousness, as of a shower of falling stars.

27. From the uttermost part of the earth to the uttermost part of heaven (ap akrou ghv ewv akrou ouranou). From the outermost border of the earth, conceived as a flat surface, to where the outermost border of the heaven sets a limit to the earth. Compare Matt. xxiv. 31. Mark's expression is more poetical.

28. Parable. See on Matt. xxiv. 32. Branch. See on Mark xi. 8.

29. Come to pass (ginomena). The present participle, and therefore better as Rev., coming to pass; in process of fulfilment.

33. Watch (agrupneite). The word is derived from ajgreuw, to hunt, and upnov, sleep. The picture is of one in pursuit of sleep, and therefore wakeful, restless. Wyc.'s rendering of the whole passage is striking: See! wake ye and pray ye!

34. A man taking a far journey (anqrwpov apodhmov). The A.V. is incorrect, since the idea is not that of a man about to go, as Matthew xxv. 14; but of one already gone. So Wyc., gone far in pilgrimage; and Tynd., which is gone into a strange country. The two words form one notion - a man abroad. Rev., sojourning in another country.

35. Watch (grhgoreite). A different word from that in verse 33. See also verse 34. The picture in this word is that of a sleeping man rousing himself. While the other word conveys the idea of simple wakefulness, this adds the idea of alertness. Compare Matt. xiv. 38; Luke xii. 37; 1 Peter v. 8. The apostles are thus compared with the doorkeepers, verse 34; and the night season is in keeping with the figure. In the temple, during the night, the captain of the temple made his rounds, and the guards had to rise at his approach and salute him in a particular manner. Any guard found asleep on duty was beaten, or his garments were set on fire. Compare Apoc. xvi. 15: "Blessed is he that watcheth and keepeth his garments." The preparations for the morning service required all to be early astir. The superintending priest might knock at the door at any moment. The Rabbis use almost the very words in which scripture describes the unexpected coming of the Master. "Sometimes he came at the cockcrowing, sometimes a little earlier, sometimes a little later. He came and knocked and they opened to him" (Edersheim, "The Temple").