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    • CHAPTER 20
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    FROM THE DIVINE ORACLES TO THE HIGHER CRITICISM

    I THE OLDER INTERPRETATION
    — Character of the great sacred books of the world
    — General laws governing the development and influence of sacred literature.
    — The law of its origin
    — Legends concerning the Septuagint
    — The law of wills and causes
    — The law of inerrancy
    — Hostility to the revision of King James’s translation of the Bible
    — The law of unity
    — Working of these laws seen in the great rabbinical schools
    — The law of allegorical interpretation
    — Philo Judaeus
    — Justin Martyr and Clement of Alexandria
    — Occult significance of numbers
    — Origen
    — Hilary of Poitiers and Jerome
    — Augustine
    — Gregory the Great
    — Vain attempts to check the flood of allegorical interpretations
    — Bede.
    — Savonarola
    — Methods of modern criticism for the first time employed by Lorenzo Valla
    — Erasmus
    — Influence of the Reformation on the belief in the infallibility of the sacred books.
    — Luther and Melanchthon
    — Development of scholasticism in the Reformed Church
    — Catholic belief in the inspiration of the Vulgate
    — Opposition in Russia to the revision of the Slavonic Scriptures
    — Sir Isaac Newton as a commentator
    — Scriptural interpretation at the beginning of the eighteenth century

  • II BEGINNINGS OF SCIENTIFIC INTERPRETATION
    — Theological beliefs regarding the Pentateuch
    — The book of Genesis
    — Doubt thrown on the sacred theory by Aben Ezra
    — By Carlstadt and Maes
    — Influence of the discovery that the Isidorian Decretals were forgeries
    — That the writings ascribed to Dionysius the Areopagite were serious
    — Hobbes and La Peyrere
    — Spinoza
    — Progress of biblical criticism in France.
    — Richard Simon
    — LeClerc
    — Bishop Lowth
    — Astruc
    — Eichhorn’s application of the “higher criticism” to biblical research
    — Isenbiehl
    — Herder
    — Alexander Geddes
    — Opposition to the higher criticism in Germany
    — Hupfeld
    — Vatke and Reuss
    — Kuenen
    — Wellhausen

  • III THE CONTINUED GROWTH OF SCIENTIFIC INTERPRETATION
    — Progress of the higher criticism in Germany and Holland
    — Opposition to it in England
    — At the University of Oxford
    — Pusey
    — Bentley
    — Wolf
    — Niebuhr and Arnold
    — Milman
    — Thirlwall and Grote
    — The publication of Essays and Reviews, and the storm raised by book

  • IV THE CLOSING STRUGGLE
    — Colenso’s work on the Pentateuch
    — The persecution of him
    — Bishop Wilberforce’s part in it
    — Dean Stanley’s
    — Bishop Thirlwall’s
    — Results of Colenso’s work
    — Sanday’s Bampton Lectures
    — Keble College and Lux Mundi
    — Progress of biblical criticism among the dissenters
    — In France.
    — Renan
    — In the Roman Catholic Church
    — The encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII
    — In America.
    — Theodore Parker
    — Apparent strength of the old theory of inspiration
    — Real strength of the new movement

  • V VICTORY OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY METHODS
    — Confirmation of the conclusions of the higher criticism by
    — Assyriology and Egyptology
    — Light thrown upon Hebrew religion by the translation of the sacred books of the East
    — The influence of Persian thought.
    — The work of the Rev. Dr. Mills
    — The influence of Indian thought.
    — Light thrown by the study of
    — Brahmanism and Buddhism
    — The work of Fathers Huc and Gabet
    — Discovery that Buddha himself had been canonized as a Christian saint
    — Similarity between the ideas and legends of Buddhism and those of Christianity
    — The application of the higher criticism to the New Testament
    — The English “Revised Version” of Studies on the formation of the canon of Scripture
    — Recognition of the laws governing its development
    — Change in the spirit of the controversy over the higher criticism

  • VI RECONSTRUCTIVE FORCE OF SCIENTIFIC CRITICISM
    — Development of a scientific atmosphere during the last three centuries
    — Action of modern science in reconstruction of religious truth
    — Change wrought by it in the conception of a sacred literature
    — Of the Divine Power.
    — Of man.
    — Of the world at large
    — Of our Bible

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