CHAPTER VII

1. Then said the high-priest. "The glorified countenance of Stephen has caused a pause of surprise and admiration, which the high-priest interrupts by calling upon the accused for his defense" (Gloag).

2. Brethren. Addressing the audience generally.

Fathers. Addressing the members of the Sanhedrim.

Of glory. Outward, visible glory, as in the shekinah and the pillar of fire.

Appeared (wfqh). See on Luke xxii. 43.

5. Inheritance (klhronomian). See on 1 Pet. i. 4.

Not so much as to set his foot on (oude bhma podov). Lit., not even the stepping of a foot. From the original meaning, a pace or step, which occurs only here in the New Testament, comes the sense of a step considered as a raised place or seat, and hence a tribune or judgment-seat, which is its meaning in every other passage of the New Testament.

Possession (katascesin). Only here and ver. 45. See on keep, Luke viii. 15. It denotes a permanent possession.

8. The covenant of circumcision. There is no article, and it is better omitted in rendering. He gave him a covenant, the peculiar character of which is defined by the next word - of circumcision; i.e., of which circumcision was the completion and seal.

9. Moved with envy (zhlwsantev). Compare Jas. iv. 1; and see on envying, Jas. iii. 14.

10. Afflictions (qliyewn) See on Matt. xiii. 21.

11. Sustenance (cortasmata). For their cattle: fodder. See on shall be filled, Matt. v. 6.

12. In Egypt (en Aiguptw). But the best texts read eijv Aigupton, into Egypt, and construe with sent forth: "he sent forth our fathers into Egypt."

13. Joseph's race. Note the repetition of the name. "A certain sense of patriotic pride is implied in it."

14. Threescore and fifteen. Lit., "in (en) threescore and fifteen;" the idiom expressing the sum in which all the individuals were included.

17. When (kaqwv). Rev., more correctly, as; the word being not a particle of time, but meaning in proportion as.

18. Another (eterov). Not merely a successor, but a monarch of a different character.

Knew not. As sixty years had elapsed since Joseph's death, and a new dynasty was coming to the throne, this may be taken literally: did not know his history and services. Some explain, did not recognize his merits.

19. Dealt subtilely (katasofisamenov). Only here in New Testament. Lit., to employ cunning against. See on sofov, wise, Jas. iii. 13.

So that they cast out (tou poiein ekqeta). Lit., make exposed. The verb ejktiqhmi, to set out, or place outside, is not uncommon in classical Greek for the exposure of a new-born child. Thus Herodotus, of Cyrus, exposed in infancy: "The herdsman's wife entreated him not to expose (ekqeinai) the babe" (1, 112). The rendering of the A.V., "so that they cast out," is correct, expressing the result, and not Pharaoh's design.

Young children (brefh). Incorrect. See on 1 Pet. ii. 2. Rev., rightly babes.

Live (zwogoneisqai) Or, be preserved alive. See on Luke xvii. 33.

20. Time (kairw). Better, season or juncture. "Sad, seasonable" (Bengel). See on Acts i. 7.

Exceeding air (asteiov tw qew). Lit., fair unto God: a Hebrew superlative. Compare Jon. iii. 3: great unto God; A.V., exceeding great. Gen. x. 9, of Nimrod: a mighty hunter before the Lord. 2 Corinthians x. 4: mighty unto God; i.e., in God's sight. 'Asteiov, fair (only here and Heb. xi. 23), is from astu, a town, and means originally town-bred; hence refined, elegant, comely. The word is used in the Septuagint of Moses (Exod. ii. 2), and rendered goodly. The Jewish traditions extol Moses' beauty. Josephus says that those who met him, as he was carried along the streets, forgot their business and stood still to gaze at him.

21. Took up (aneileto). Used among Greek writers of taking up exposed children; also of owning new-born children. So Aristophanes: "I exposed (the child) and some other woman, having taken it, adopted (aneileto) it" ("Clouds," 531). There is no reason why the meaning should be limited to took him up from the water (as Gloag).

23. It came into his heart (anebh epi thn kardian). Lit., "it arose into his heart." "There may be something in the depth of the soul which afterward emerges and ascends from that sea into the heart as into an island" (Bengel). The expression is imitated from the Hebrew, and occurs in the Septuagint: "The ark shall not come to mind;" lit., go up into the heart (Jer. iii. 16). See, also, Jer. xxxii. 35; Isa. lxv. 17.

24. Defended (hmunato). Only here in New Testament. The word means originally to ward off from one's self, with a collateral notion of requital or revenge.

25. Understood (sunienai) See on understanding, Mark xii. 33.

26. Appeared (wfqh). With the suggestion of a sudden appearance as in a vision; possibly with the underlying notion of a messenger of God. See on Luke xxii. 43.

Would have set them at one (sunhlasen autouv eiv eirhnhn). Lit., drove them together to peace; urged them.

31. The sight (to orama). Always in the New Testament of a vision. See on Matt. xvii. 9.

To behold (katanohsai). See on Matt. vii. 3. Compare Luke xii. 24, 27.

32. Trembled (entromov genomenov). Lit., having become trembling; having fallen into a tremor.

34. I have seen, I have seen (idwn eidon). Lit., having seen I saw. A Hebraism. See Exod. iii. 7 (Sept.). Compare Judg. i. 28: utterly drive them out; lit., removing did not utterly remove. Judg. iv. 9: going I will go; i.e., I will surely go. Gen. xxxvii. 8: reigning shalt thou reign; i.e., shalt thou indeed reign. So Rev. here, "I have surely seen."

35. Deliverer (lutrwth,n). Strictly, a ransomer or redeemer. Only here in New Testament, See on ransom, Matt. xx. 28; and redeemed, 1 Peter i. 18.

By the hand (en ceiri) The best texts read sun ceiri, "with the hand;" i.e., in association with the protecting and helping power of the angel.

38. Lively. Better, living, as Rev. Compare 1 Pet. ii. 4, 5.

39. Turned back in their hearts. Not desiring to go back, but longing for the idolatries of Egypt.

40. Shall go before us. As symbols to be born before them on the march. Compare Neh. ix. 18.

41. They made a calf (emoscopoihsan). Only here in New Testament, and not in Septuagint. Bengel says, "A very notorious crime is denoted by an extraordinary and newly-coined word." This was in imitation of the Egyptian bull-worship. Several of these animals were worshipped at different places in Egypt. Apis was worshipped at Memphis. Herodotus says: "Now this Apis, or Epaphus, is the calf of a cow which is never afterward able to bear young. The Egyptians say that fire comes down from heaven upon the cow, which thereupon conceives Apis. The calf which is so called has the following marks: He is black, with a square spot of white upon his forehead, and on his back the figure of an eagle. The hairs in his tail are double, and there is a beetle upon his tongue" (3, 28). He was regarded by the Egyptians, not merely as an emblem, but as a God. He was lodged in a magnificent court, ornamented with figures twelve cubits high, which he never quitted except on fixed days, when he was led in procession through the streets. His festival lasted seven days, and all came forward from their houses to welcome him as he passed. He was not allowed to reach the natural term of his life. If a natural death did not remove him earlier, he was drowned when he reached the age of twenty-five, and was then embalmed and entombed in one of the sepulchral chambers of the Serapeum, a temple devoted expressly to the burial of these animals.

Another sacred bull was maintained at Heliopolis, in the great Temple of the Sun, under the name of Mnevis, and was honored with a reverence next to Apis. Wilkinson thinks that it was from this, and not from Apis, that the Israelites borrowed their notions of the golden calf. "The offerings, dancing, and rejoicings practiced on the occasion, were doubtless in imitation of a ceremony they had witnessed in honor of Mnevis during their sojourn in Egypt" ("Ancient Egyptians," 2 ser., vol. ii., p. 197). A third sacred bull, called Bacis, was maintained at Hermonthis, near Thebes. It was a huge, black animal, and its hairs were said to grow the wrong way. Other bulls and cows did not hold the rank of gods, but were only sacred. Offered (agnhgagon). Lit., led up. See on Jas. ii. 21.

42. To worship (latreuein). Rev., more correctly, serve. See on Luke i. 74.

The host of heaven. Star-worship, or Sabaeanism, the remnant of the ancient heathenism of Western Asia, which consisted in the worship of the stars, and spread into Syria, though the Chaldaean religion was far from being the simple worship of the host of heaven; the heavenly bodies being regarded as real persons, and not mere metaphorical representations of astronomical phenomena. It is to the Sabaean worship that Job alludes when, in asserting the purity of his life (xxxi. 26, 27), he says: "If I beheld the sun when it shined, or the moon walking in brightness, and my heart hath been secretly enticed, or my mouth hath kissed my hands: this also were an iniquity to be punished by the judge: for I should have denied the God that is above." Though not a part of the religion of the Egyptians, Rawlinson thinks it may have been connected with their earlier belief, since prayer is represented in hieroglyphics by a man holding up his hands, accompanied by a star (Herodotus, vol. ii., p. 291).

43. Tabernacle of Moloch. The portable tent-temple of the God, to be carried in procession. Moloch was an Ammonite idol to whom children were sacrificed. According to Rabbinical tradition, his image was hollow, heated from below, with the head of an ox and outstretched arms, into which children were laid, their cries being stifled by the beating of drums. Remphan. The texts vary between Remphan, Rephan, and Romphan. It is supposed to be the Coptic name for Saturn, to which the Arabs, Egyptians, and Phoenicians paid divine honors.

45. That came after (diadexamenoi). Only here in New Testament. The verb originally means to receive from one another, in succession; and that appears to be the more simple and natural rendering here: having received it (from Moses). Rev., very neatly, in their turn.

Jesus. Joshua. The names are the same, both signifying Savior. See on Matt. i. 21.

Into the possession (en th katascesei). Rev., when they entered on the possession. 15 Before the face (apo proswpou). More strictly, "away from the face." The same expression occurs in the Septuagint, Deut. xi. 23.

46. Desired (hthsato). More correctly, asked: through Nathan. See 2 Samuel vii. 2.

Tabernacle (skhnwma). It was not a tabernacle or tent which David proposed to build, but a house. See 2 Sam. vii. 2. Rev., rightly, habitation. Compare oikon, a house, ver. 47 and 2 Chron. vi. 18.

48. The Most High. In contrast with heathen gods, who were confined to their temples.

Temples made with hands (ceiropoihtoiv naoiv). The best texts omit naoiv, temples. The meaning is more general: in things made with hands. The expression is, however, used of a sanctuary in Isa. xvi. 12: "Moab shall come to his sanctuary (ta ceiropoihta)." The phrase work, or works of men's hands, is common in the Old Testament of idols. See Deut. iv. 28; 2 Kings xix. 18; 2 Chron. xxxii. 19; Ps. cxv. 4. Compare Mark xiv. 58; Eph. ii. 11; Heb. ix. 11, 24; 2 Corinthians v. 1.

49. What house. Rev., more correctly, "what manner of house" (poion).

51. Stiff-necked and uncircumcised (sklhrotrachloi kai aperitmhtoi). Both only here in New Testament.

Resist (antipiptete). It is a very strong expression, implying active resistance. Lit., to fall against or upon. Used of falling upon an enemy. Only here in New Testament.

Ye have been (gegenhsqe). More correctly, as Rev., ye have become.

53. Who (oitinev). Stronger than the simple relative who, and emphasizing their sin by contrast with their privileges: inasmuch as ye were those who received, etc.

By the disposition of angels (eiv diatagav aggelwn). Lit., unto ordinances of angels. Eijv means with reference to. Disposition (diatagh) is used by A.V. in the sense of arrangement, as we say a general disposed his troops. The word occurs only here and Rom. xiii. 2, where it is rendered ordinance. The kindred verb diatassw occurs often, mostly in the sense of command or appoint. See Matt. xi. 1; Luke iii. 13. In 1 Corinthians xi. 34, it is translated set in order. The reference is most probably to the Jewish tradition that the law was given through the agency of angels. See Deut. xxxii. 2. Compare Ps. lxviii. 17. Paul expressly says that the law was administered by the medium of angels (Galatians iii. 19). Compare the word spoken by angels (Heb. ii. 2). Render, therefore, as Rev., as it was ordained by angels.

54. They were cut. See on ch. v. 33. In both instances, of anger. A different word is used to express remorse, ch. ii. 37.

Gnashed (ebrucon). Originally to eat greedily, with a noise, as wild beasts: hence to gnash or grind the teeth.

55. Being (uparcwn). See on Jas. ii. 15.

Looked up steadfastly. Compare ch. i. 10; iii. 4,12; vi. 15; and see on Luke iv. 20.

Standing. Rising from the throne to protect and receive his servant. Usually Jesus is represented in the New Testament as seated at the Father's right hand. See Eph. i. 20; Col. iii. 1; Heb. i. 3.

56. I see (qewrw). See on Luke x. 18.

The Son of man. A title never applied to Christ by any of the apostles or evangelists, except here by Stephen. See on Luke vi. 22.

57. Stopped (sunescon). Lit., held together.

58. Stoned. According to the Rabbis, the scaffold to which the criminal was to be led, with his hands bound, was to be twice the size of a man. One of the witnesses was to smite him with a stone upon the breast, so as to throw him down. If he were not killed, the second witness was to throw another stone at him. Then, if he were yet alive, all the people were to stone him until he was dead. The body was then to be suspended till sunset.

A young man (neaniou). Which, however, gives no indication of his age, since it is applied up to the age of forty-five. Thirty years after Stephen's martyrdom, Paul speaks of himself as the aged (Philemon 9).

Saul. The first mention of the apostle to the Gentiles.

59. Calling upon God. God is not in the Greek. From the vision just described, and from the prayer which follows, it is evident that Jesus is meant. So Rev., the Lord.

Jesus. An unquestionable prayer to Christ.

60. Lay not this sin to their charge (mh sthshv autoiv thn amartian tauthn). Lit., fix not this sin upon them.