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CHAPTER LIX

Thy chapter contains a more general reproof of the wickedness of the Jews, 1-8. After this they are represented confessing thetr sins, and deploring the unhappy consequences of them, 9-15. On this act of humiliation God, ever ready to pardon the penitent, promises that he will have mercy on them; that the Redeemer will come, mighty to save; and that he will deliver his people, subdue his enemies and establish a new and everlasting covenant, 16-21. The foregoing elegant chapter contained a severe reproof of the Jews, in particular for their hypocrisy in pretending to make themselves accepted with God by fasting and outward humiliation without true repentance; while they still continued to oppress the poor, and indulge their own passions and vices; with great promises however of God's favour on condition of their reformation. This chapter contains a more general reproof of their wickedness, bloodshed, violence, falsehood, injustice. At ver. 9 they are introduced as making, themselves, an ample confession of their sins, and deploring their wretched state in consequence of them. On this act of humiliation a promise is given that God, in his mercy and zeal for his people, will rescue them from this miserable condition, that the Redeemer will come like a mighty hero to deliver them; he will destroy his enemies, convert both Jews and Gentiles to himself, and give them a new covenant, and a law which shall never be abolished. As this chapter is remarkable for the beauty, strength, and variety of the images with which it abounds; so is it peculiarly distinguished by the elegance of the composition, and the exact construction of the sentences. From the first verse to the two last it falls regularly into stanzas of four lines, (see Prelim. Dissert. p. xxi.,) which I have endeavoured to express as nearly as possible in the form of the original. - L.

NOTES ON CHAP. LIX

Verse 2. "His face" - For µynp panim, faces, I read panaiv, his face. So the Syriac, Septuatgint, Alexandrian, Arabic, and Vulgate. ynp panai, MS.

Forte legendum ynp panai, nam m mem, sequitur, et loquitur Deus; confer cap. lviii. 14. "We should perhaps read ynp panai; for m mem follows, and God is the speaker." -SECKER. I rather think that the speech of God was closed with the last chapter, and that this chapter is delivered in the person of the prophet. - L.

Verse 3. "Your tongue "And your tongue"" - An ancient MS., and the Septuagint and Vulgate, add the conjunction.

Verse 4. "They conceive mischief, and bring forth iniquity." - There is a curious propriety in this mode of expression; a thought or purpose is compared to conception; a word or act, which is the consequence of it, to the birth of a child. From the third to the fifteenth verse inclusive may be considered a true statement of the then moral state of the Jewish people; and that they were, in the most proper sense of the word, guilty of the iniquities with which they are charged.

Verse 8. "Whosoever goeth therein shall not know peace "Whoever goeth in them knoweth not peace"" - For hb bah, singular, read µb bam, plural, with the Septuagint, Syriac, Vulgate, and Chaldee. The h he is upon a rasure in one MS. Or, for µhytbytn nethibotheyhem, plural, we must read µtbytn nethibatham, singular, as it is in an ancient MS., to preserve the grammatical concord. - L.

Verse 10. "We stumble at noon day as in the night "We stumble at mid-day, as in the twilight"" - I adopt here an emendation of Houbigant, hggn nishgegah, instead of the second, hgn negasheshah, the repetition of which has a poverty and inelegance extremely unworthy of the prophet, and unlike his manner. The mistake is of long standing, being prior to all the ancient versions. It was a very easy and obvious mistake, and I have little doubt of our having recovered the true reading in this ingenious correction.

Verse 11. "But it is far off from us "And it is far distant from us."" - The conjunction w vau must necessarily be prefixed to the verb, as the Syriac, Chaldee, and Vulgate found it in their copies; hqjrw verachakah, "and far off."

Verse 14. "Justice standeth afar off" - hqdx tsedakah, righteousness, put here, says Kimchi, for alms to the poor. This casts some light on Matt. vi. 1: "Take heed that you do not your alms, "elehmosunhn. But the best copies have dikaiosunhn, righteousness; the former having been inserted in the text at first merely as the explanation of the genuine and original word.

Verse 15. "And the Lord saw it "And JEHOVAH saw it"" - This third line of the stanza appears manifestly to me to be imperfect by the loss of a phrase. The reader will perhaps more perfectly conceive my idea of the matter if I endeavour to supply the supposed defect, I imagine it might have stood originally in this manner:- wl rjyw hwhy aryw lo veyachar Yehovah vaiyar fpm ya yk wyny[b [ryw mishpat ein ki beeyinaiv veyera "And JEHOVAH saw it, and he was wroth; And it displeased him, that there was no judgment." We have had already many examples of mistakes of omission; this, if it be such, is very ancient, being prior to all the versions. - L.

Verse 16. "And wondered that there was no intercessor" - This and the following verses some of the most eminent rabbins understand as spoken of the Messiah. Kimchi says that Rabbi Joshua ben Levi proposes this objection: "It is written, 'Behold, he will come in the clouds of heaven as the son of man,' Dan. vii. 13; and elsewhere it is written, 'He cometh lowly, and riding upon an ass,' Zech. ix. 9. How can these texts be reconciled? Thus: If the Jews have merit, he will come unto them in the clouds of heaven; but if they be destitute of merit, he will come unto them riding upon an ass. " Now out of their own mouth they may be condemned. They were truly destitute of all merit when Jesus Christ came into Jerusalem riding upon an ass, according to the letter of the above prophecy; and they neither acknowledged nor received him. And that they were destitute of merit their destruction by the Romans, which shortly followed their rejection of him, sufficiently proves.

Verse 17. "For clothing "For his clothing"" - tblt tilbosheth. "I cannot but think that this word, tblt tilbosheth, is an interpolation. 1.

It is in no one ancient version. 2. It is redundant in the sense, as it is before expressed in ydgb bigdey. 3. It makes the hemistich just so much longer than it ought to be, if it is compared with the others adjoining. 4. It makes a form of construction in this clause less elegant than that in the others. 5.

It might probably be in some margin a various reading for ydgb bigdey, and thence taken into the text. This is more probable, as its form is such as it would be if it were in regimine, as it must be before µqn nakam." -Dr. JUBB. Two sorts of armour are mentioned: a breast-plate and a helmet, to bring righteousness and salvation to those who fear him; and the garments of vengeance and the cloak of zeal for the destruction of all those who finally oppose him, and reject his Gospel.

Verse 18. "According to their deeds, accordingly he will repay "He is mighty to recompense; he that is mighty to recompense will requite"" - The former part of this verse, as it stands at present in the Hebrew text, seems to me to be very imperfect, and absolutely unintelligible. The learned Vitringa has taken a great deal of pains upon it after Cocceius, who he says is the only one of all the interpreters, ancient or modern, who has at all understood it, and has opened the way for him. He thinks that both of them together have clearly made out the sense; I do not expect that any third person will ever be of that opinion. He says, Videtur sententia ad verbum sonare: quasi propter facta [adversariorum] quasi propter rependet; excandescentiam, &c., et sic reddidit Pagnimus. "According to the height of their demerits, he will repay them to the height: fury to his adversaries, recompense to his enemies, "&c. - Waterland. This he converts, by a process which will not much edify my reader, into Secundum summe merita, secundum summe (merita) rependet; which is his translation. They that hold the present Hebrew text to be absolutely infallible must make their way through it as they can; but they ought surely to give us somewhat that has at least the appearance of sense.

However, I hope the case here is not quite desperate; the Chaldee leads us very fairly to the correction of the text, which is both corrupted and defective. The paraphrase runs thus: mly almg awh aylmg yrm marey gumlaiya hu simla yeshallem, "The Lord of retribution, he will render recompense. " He manifestly read l[b baal instead of l[k keal.

aylmg yrm marey gumlaiya is twlmg y[b baal gemuloth; as atwryrm yrm marey merirutha is Pa l[b baal aph. Prov. xxii. 24. And so in the Chaldee paraphrase on chap. xxxv. i5: ylgty awh yy aylmg yrm marey gamlaiya yeya hu yithgeley, "The Lord of retribution, Jehovah himself, shall be revealed; " words very near to those of the prophet in this place.

The second l[k keal, which the Chaldee has omitted, must be read l[b baal likewise. With this only addition to the Chaldee, which the Hebrew text justifies, we are supplied with the following clear reading of the passage:- awh twlmg l[b hu gemuloth baal µly twlmg l[b yeshallem gemuloth baal The Lord of retributions he The Lord of retributions, shall repay.

The k caph in l[k keal twice seems to have been at first b beth, in MS. This verse in the Septuagint is very imperfect. In the first part of it they give us no assistance: the latter part is wholly omitted in the printed copies; but it is thus supplied by MSS. Pachom. and i. D. II: toiv upenantioiv autou amunan toiv ecqroiv autou taiv nhsoiv apodoma apotisei.. - L.

Verse 19. "When the enemy shall come in like a flood" - This all the rabbins refer to the coming of the Messiah. If ye see a generation which endures much tribulation, then (say they) expect him, according to what is written: "When the enemy shall come in like a flood, the Spirit of the Lord shall lift up a standard against him." Kimchi says, he that was the standard-bearer always began the battle by first smiting at the enemy. Here then the Spirit of the Lord is the standard- bearer, and strikes the first blow. They who go against sin and Satan with the Holy Spirit at their head, are sure to win the day.

"The Spirit of the Lord shall lift up a standard ayainst him "Which a strong wind driveth along."" - Quam spiritus Domini cogit, "Which the Spirit of the Lord drives on." -Vulg. hsswn nosesah, pihel a swn nus fugit. Kimchi says his father thus explained this word: hsswn nosesah interpretatur in significatione fugae, et ait, spiritus Domini fugabit hostem;-nam secundum eum hsswn nosesah est ex conjugatione quadrata, ejusque radix est swn nus: "nosesah he interpreted in the signification of flight, - The Spirit of the Lord shal1 put the enemy to fight; for according to him the root of the word is swn nus, he put to flight. " The object of this action I explain otherwise. The conjunction w vau, prefixed to jwr ruach, seems necessary to the sense, it is added by the corrector in one of the Koningsberg MSS., collated by Lilienthal. It is added also in one of my own.

Verse 20. "Unto them that turn from transgression in Jacob "And shall turn away iniquity from Jacob"" - So the Septuagint and St. Paul, Rom. xi. 26, reading instead of ybl leshabey and bq[yb beyaacob, byhw veheshib and bq[ym meyaacob. The Syriac likewise reads byhw veheshib; and the Chaldee, to the same sense, byhlw ulehashib. Our translators have expressed the sense of the present reading of the Hebrew text: "And unto them that turn from transgression in Jacob."

Verse 21. "This is my covenant with them "This is the covenant which I make with them"" - For µtwa otham, them, twenty-four MSS., (four ancient,) and nine editions have µta ittam, with them.

"My Spirit that is upon thee" - This seems to be an address to the Messiah; Kimchi says it is to the prophet, informing him that the spirit of prophecy should be given to all Israelites in the days of the Messiah, as it was then given to him, i.e., to the prophet.

"And my words which I have put in thy mouth" - Whatsoever Jesus spoke was the word and mind of God himself; and must, as such, be implicitly received.