CHAPTER XVI

1. The vials. Add seven.

2. And the first went. Each angel, as his turn comes, with draws (uJpagete, see on John vi. 21; viii. 21) from the heavenly scene.

There fell (egeneto). Lit., there came to pass. Rev., it became. Elliott, very aptly, there broke out.

Noisome and grievous (kakon kai ponhron). Similarly the two cognate nouns kakia and ponria malice and wickedness occur together in 1 Corinthians v. 8. Ponhrov emphasizes the activity of evil. See on Luke iii. 19.

Sore ( elkov). See on Luke xvi. 20. Compare the sixth Egyptian plague, Exod. ix. 8-12, where the Septuagint uses this word elkov boil. Also of the boil or scab of leprosy, Lev. xiii. 18; king Hezekiah's boil, 2 Kings xx. 7; the botch of Egypt, Deut. xxviii. 27, 35. In Job ii. 7 (Sept.) the boils are described as here by ponhrov sore.

3. It became (egeneto). Or there came.

Blood. Compare Exod. vii. 19.

As of a dead man. Thick, corrupt, and noisome.

Living soul (yuch zwsa). The best texts read yuch zwhv soul of life.

4. The third angel. Omit angel.

They became (egeneto). There is no necessity for rendering the singular verb in the plural. We may say either it became or there came.

5. The angel of the waters. Set over the waters as other angels over the winds (ch. vii. 1) and over the fire (ch. xiv. 18).

O Lord. Omit.

And shalt be. Following the reading oJ ejsomenov. Read oJ osiov Thou Holy One.

Thou didst thus judge ( pauta ekrinav). Lit., Thou didst judge these things.

6. For they are worthy. Omit for.

7. Another out of the altar. Omit another out of, and read, as Rev., I heard the altar. The altar personified. Compare ch. vi. 9, where the souls of the martyrs are seen under the altar and cry how long.

Almighty. Add the article: the Almighty.

8. The fourth angel. Omit angel.

Power was given (edoqh). Rev., it was given.

With fire (en puri). Lit., "in fire." The element in which the scorching takes place.

9. Repent to give Him glory. Glorify Him by repentance.

His kingdom was darkened. Compare Exod. x. 21, 22.

They gnawed (emasswnto). Only here in the New Testament.

For pain (ek tou ponou). Strictly, from their pain. Their, the force of the article tou.

12. Euphrates. See on ch. ix. 14.

Of the east (apo twn anatolwn hliou). Lit., as Rev., from the sunrising. See on Matt. ii. 2; and dayspring, Luke i. 78.

13. Frogs. Possibly With reference to Exod. viii. 1-14.

14. Of the earth and of the whole world. Omit of the earth and.

World (oikoumehv). See on Luke ii. 1.

The battle (polemon). Rev., more literally, war. Battle is mach.

That great day (ekeinhv). Omit. Read, as Rev., "the great day."

15. Behold - shame. These words are parenthetical.

As a thief. Compare Matt. xxiv. 43; Luke xii. 39; 1 Thess. v. 2, 4; 2 Pet. iii. 10.

Watcheth (grhrorwn). See on Mark xiii. 35; 1 Pet. v. 8 Keepeth his garments. "During the night the captain of the Temple made his rounds. On his approach the guards had to rise and salute him in a particular manner. Any guard found asleep when on duty was beaten, or his garments were set on fire. The confession of one of the Rabbins is on record that, on a certain occasion, his own maternal uncle had actually undergone the punishment of having his clothes set on fire by the captain of the Temple" (Edersheim, "The Temple," etc.).

Shame ( aschmosunhn). Only here and Rom. i. 27. From aj not and schma fashion. Deformity, unseemliness; nearly answering to the phrase not in good form.

16. Armageddon. The proper Greek form #Ar Magedwn. The word is compounded of the Hebrew Har mountain, and Megiddon or Megiddo: the mountain of Megiddo. On Megiddo standing alone see Judg. i. 27; 1 Kings iv. 12; ix. 15; 2 Kings ix. 27. See also Judg. v. 19; Zech. xii. 11; 2 Chronicles xxxv. 22; 2 Kings xxiii. 30. "Bounded as it is by the hills of Palestine on both north and south, it would naturally become the arena of war between the lowlanders who trusted in their chariots, and the Israelite highlanders of the neighboring heights. To this cause mainly it owes its celebrity, as the battle-field of the world, which has, through its adoption into the language of Revelation, passed into an universal proverb. If that mysterious book proceeded from the hand of a Galilean fisherman, it is the more easy to understand why, with the scene of those many battles constantly before him, he should have drawn the figurative name of the final conflict between the hosts of good and evil, from the 'place which is called in the Hebrew tongue Harmagedon'" (Stanley, "Sinai and Palestine").

Megiddo was in the plain of Esdraelon, "which has been a chosen place for encampment in every contest carried on in Palestine from the days of Nabuchodonozor king of Assyria, unto the disastrous march of Napoleon Buonaparte from Egypt into Syria. Jews, Gentiles, Saracens, Christian crusaders, and anti Christian Frenchmen; Egyptians, Persians, Druses, Turks, and Arabs, warriors of every nation that is under heaven, have pitched their tents on the plain of Esdraelon, and have beheld the banners of their nation wet with the dews of Tabor and Hermon" ("Clarke's Travels," cit. by Lee). See Thomson's "Land and Book" (Central Palestine and Phoenicia), p. 208 sqq.; and Stanley, "Sinai and Palestine," ch. ix. Two great slaughters at Megiddo are mentioned in the Old Testament; the first celebrated in the Song of Deborah (Judg. v. 19), and the second, that in which king Josiah fell (2 Kings xxiii. 29). Both these may have been present to the seer's mind; but the allusion is not to any particular place or event. "The word, like Euphrates, is the expression of an idea; the idea that swift and overwhelming destruction shall overtake all who gather themselves together against the Lord" (Milligan).

17. Temple of heaven. Omit of heaven.

21. Hail. See Exod. ix. 18.