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CHAPTER XXIII

The feast of the Lord, 1, 2. The Sabbath, 3. The passover and unleavened bread, 4-8. The feast of first-fruits, 9-14. The feast of pentecost, 15-21.Gleanings to be left for the poor, 22. The feast of trumpets, 28-25. The great day of atonement, 26-32. The feast of tabernacles, 33-44.

NOTES ON CHAP. XXIII

Verse 2. "These are my feasts." - The original word d[wm moad is properly applied to any solemn anniversary, by which great and important ecclesiastical, political, or providential facts were recorded; see on "Gen. i. 14". Anniversaries of this kind were observed in all nations; and some of them, in consequence of scrupulously regular observation, became chronological epochs of the greatest importance in history: the Olympiads, for example.

Verse 3. "The seventh day is the Sabbath" - This, because the first and greatest solemnity, is first mentioned. He who kept not this, in the most religious manner, was not capable of keeping any of the others. The religious observance of the Sabbath stands at the very threshold of all religion. See the note on "Gen. ii. 3".

Verse 5. "The Lord's passover." - See this largely explained in the notes on Exod. xii. 21-27.

Verse 11. "He shalt wave the sheaf" - He shall move it to and fro before the people, and thereby call their attention to the work of Divine Providence, and excite their gratitude to God for preserving to them the kindly fruits of the earth. See note on "Exod. xxix. 27", and chap. 7. at end.

Verse 14. "Ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn, nor green ears" - It is right that God, the dispenser of every blessing, should be acknowledged as such, and the first- fruits of the field, &c., dedicated to him. Concerning the dedication of the first-fruits, see the note on "Exod. xxii. 29". Parched ears of corn and green ears, fried, still constitute a part, and not a disagreeable one, of the food of the Arabs now resident in the Holy Land. See Hasselquist.

Verse 15. "Ye shall count unto you-seven Sabbaths" - That is, from the sixteenth of the first month to the sixth of the third month. These seven weeks, called here Sabbaths, were to be complete, i. e., the forty-nine days must be finished, and the next day, the fiftieth, is what, from the Septuagint, we call pentecost. See the note on "Luke vi. 1".

Verse 22. "Neither shalt thou gather any gleaning" - See the note on "chap. xix. 9".

Verse 24. "A memorial of blowing of trumpets" - This is generally called the feast of trumpets; and as it took place on the first day of the seventh month, Tisri, which answers to September, which month was the commencement of what was called the civil year, the feast probably had no other design than to celebrate the commencement of that year, if indeed such a distinction obtained among the ancient Jews. See the note on "Exod. xii. 2. Some think creation began at this time.

Verse 28. "A day of atonement" - See the note on "chap. xvi. 2", &c., where this subject is largely explained.

Verse 34. "The feast of tabernacles" - In this solemnity the people left their houses, and dwelt in booths or tents made of the branches of goodly trees and thick trees, (of what kind the text does not specify,) together with palm-trees and willows of the brook, ver. 40. And in these they dwelt seven days, in commemoration of their forty years' sojourning and dwelling in tents in the wilderness while destitute of any fixed habitations.

In imitation of this feast among the people of God, the Gentiles had their feasts of tents. Plutarch speaks particularly of feasts of this kind in honour of Bacchus, and thinks from the custom of the Jews in celebrating the feast of tabernacles, that they worshipped the god Bacchus, "because he had a feast exactly of the same kind called the feast of tabernacles, skhnh, which they celebrated in the time of vintage, bringing tables out into the open air furnished with all kinds of fruit, and sitting under tents made of vine branches and ivy."-PLUT. Symp., lib. iv., Q. 6. According to Ovid the feast of Anna Perenna was celebrated much in the same way. Some remained in the open air, others formed to themselves tents and booths made of branches of trees, over which they spread garments, and kept the festival with great rejoicings.

"Sub Jove pars durat; pauci tentoria ponunt; Sunt, quibus e ramis frondea facta easa est.

Pars sibi pro rigidis calamos statuere columnis; Desuper extentas imposuere togas." Ovid, Fast., lib. ill.

Concerning this feast of tabernacles, see the note on John vii. 37, 38; and for the various feasts among the Jews, See the note on "Exod. xxiii. 14".

Verse 40. "Boughs of goodly trees" - The Jews and many critics imagine the citron-tree to be intended, and by boughs of thick tree the myrtle.