Gaal (“loathing” ) Son of Ebed (Judges 9). A brigand who was ready to sell his services to the highest bidder.

Gaash (“earthquake” ) Mount Gaash on the north side of which was Timnathcheres, the city given to Joshua at his request ( Joshua 19:49,50), and where he resided and was buried ( Joshua 24:30; Judges 2:9). Lost.

Gaba .

Gabael (“God’s highest” ) 1. Descendant of Tobit (Tobit 1:1). 2. A poor Jew (Tobit 1:17), to whom Tobit lent money.

Gabbai (“tax-gatherer” ) An important person in the family of Benjamin ( Nehemiah 11:8).

Gabbatha Pavement ( John 19:13). Outside the Praetorium (“judgment hall”), where Pilate delivered Jesus to death. The bema was an elevated pavement, the usual place of justice.

Gabdes (1 Esdras 5:20).

Gabrias (“man of Jehovah,” Tobit 1:14 ). Brother of Gabael. Gabriel (“man of God” ) Angel ( Daniel 8:16; Luke 1:19). In Jewish and Christian traditions the archangel of God Gad (“troop” ) Jacob’s seventh son, firstborn of Zilpah, Leah’s maid; brother to Asher ( Genesis 30:11-13; 46:16,18). The country given to the tribe was the center of the east of Jordan River ( Deuteronomy 3:12), from Heshbon to Mahanaim. On the east was Aroer, that faces Rabbah ( Joshua 13:25); west was the Jordan River ( Joshua 13:27), and including the Arabah, from the Jabbok to the Sea of Chinnereth. The most beautiful district in Syria. It is a high range of purple-tinted mountains, cut down by deep ravines, partially clothed with forests of oak, terebinths, sycamores, ilex, beech, fig, and evergreen shrubs. The climate is fine and soil fertile, affording the best pasturage. At one time the tribe possessed the land as far east as Salcah ( 1 Chronicles 5:11,18). Jephthah was a Gadite of Mizpah ( Judges 11:34). Carried into captivity, and its cities inhabited by Ammonites ( 1 Chronicles 5:26; Jeremiah 49:1).

Gadara Five miles southeast of the Sea of Galilee, three miles from the river Hieromax. There were warm springs near the river, called Amatha. Josephus says it was a Greek city, and the capital of Persea (Josephus, B. J. iv. 7, sec. 3; Mark 5:1; Luke 8:26-37). Here the Lord healed the demoniacs ( Matthew 8:28-34; Mark 5:1-21; Luke 8:26-40). The most interesting ruins at Gadara are the tombs, which are very numerous in the cliffs around the city, cut in the solid rock, being rooms ten to twenty feet square, and some larger, with small recesses out of them for bodies, the doors being stone, turning on stone hinges. The space over which the ruins are scattered is about two miles, on a narrow, high ridge, sloping east, anciently walled all around. There was a straight street from end to end, with a colonade on each side, and two very large theaters, now in ruins. Not a house or a column is standing.

Gadarenes People of Gadara.

Gaddi (“fortunate” ) Son of Susi ( Numbers 13:11).

Gaddial (“fortune of God” ) A Zebulonite spy.

Gadi A Gadire. Father of King Menahem ( 2 Kings 15:14,17).

Gadites Of the tribe of Gad.

Gaham (“swarthy” ) Son of Nahor, brother of Abraham ( Genesis 17:24), son of Reumah.

Gahar (“hiding-place” ) Ancestor of Nethinim ( Ezra 2:47).

Gaius A common Roman name.

Galaad (1 Macc. 5:9,56; Judith 1:8 ).

Galal (“worthy” ) 1. A Levite ( 1 Chronicles 9:15). 2. Son of Jeduthun ( 1 Chronicles 9:16; Nehemiah 11:17). Galatia (“country of the Galli,” Asia ). Used in two senses: 1. Some suppose France (Gaul) is meant in 2 Timothy 4:10, and Macc. 8:2. France (Gaul) may have been the origin of the people who invaded Greece and Asia Minor in the 4th century, B.C., and were first checked by Antiochus, who was called Sorer (“saviour”) for the success, and were finally subdued by the Roman Manlius, B.C. 189, when they gathered into a district in the central region of Asia Minor. Visited twice by Paul ( Acts 18:23). The Epistle to the Galatians was written after the second visit.

Galatians (1 Macc. 8:2; 2 Macc. 8:20; Gal 3:1 ). People of any race, or Jews, or Gauls from France, living in Galatia. For Epistle to the Galatians, see .

Galbanum (helbenah ). A perfume used in the preparation of the sacred incense ( Exodus 30:34). Resinous, yellow-brown, but it is not known from what plant or tree it is derived.

Galeed (“heap of witness” ) The name which Jacob gave to the heap which he and Laban made on Mount Gilead ( Genesis 31:47,48; 23:25). .

Galgala (1 Macc. 9:2 ). ?

Galilean Native of Galilee ( Mark 14:70). Galilee (galil, “a circle” ) At first applied to a small district about Kedesh, on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee ( Isaiah 9:1). Afterward, during the Roman rule, the name of the whole country north of the Kishon River and Mount Gilboa, to the Leontes and Hermon, from the Jordan River to the sea (Josephus, Life,12, Wars, iii.). Divided into Upper, as far as the northwest angle of the Sea of Galilee, and Lower, as far south as Ginea (Jenin), including the great plain of Esdraelon. The hills are now wooded, with gentle slopes, and are fruitful of all that man uses, and luxuriant in flowers of every variety ( Deuteronomy 33:18; Genesis 49:20). The chief towns were Capernaum, Kedesh, Bethsaida, Tiberins, Nazareth, Cana, besides many other smaller, the ruins of which are scattered over nearly every hill-top or hill-side. Here was the scene of the greater part of the works and life of Jesus, which are the subject of the first three Gospels almost wholly. , . Gall (Hebrew: mererah, “bitter”; rosh, “poison-hemlock, or poppies” ). Gall means the bitter nature of the drink offered Jesus ( Matthew 27:34).

Gallery (Hebrew: rahit, “ ceiling”; “rafters” in Song of Solomon 1:17; rahat, “braided ”, in Genesis 30:28, gutters; attik, “pillar for the support of a house”, Ezekiel 41:15 ).

Galley .

Gallim (“heaps” ) Twice mentioned ( 1 Samuel 25:44; Isaiah 10:30). It was probably near Dan, Laish, but is lost.

Gallio, Junius Annaeus Elder brother of the philosopher Seneca, who dedicated to him his treatise De Vita Beta, and in another work describes him as a man universally loved, and who especially abhorred flattery. He was the proconsul of Achaia, and by his prudent course much assisted Paul ( Acts 18:12-17). He was a victim to Nero’s cruelty.

Gamala (“camel” ) Built on a hill, near the middle of the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee. Described by Josephus as an important town.

Gamaliel (“benefit of God” ) 1. Son of Padahzur ( Numbers 1:10; 2:20), head of the tribe of Manasseh, in the Exodus. 2. A Pharisee, and a celebrated doctor ( Acts 5:34; 22:3); a Rabbi, teacher of Paul. He was grandson of the famous Hillel, and son of Rabbi Simeon, and president of the Sanhedrin during the time of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius. He lived 18 years after the destruction of Jerusalem.

Games The ancient (and modern) Orientals are represented as very fond of games of many kinds, private and public, frequently mentioned in Scripture. The sculptures and paintings of antiquity exhibit these in every variety. Job alludes to one in Job 41:5, and Jeremiah in Jeremiah 30:19, and Jesus, in Matthew 11:16. Music, dancing, and song were always enjoyed on festive occasions ( Psalm 30:11; Luke 15:25). Armed men jousted ( 2 Samuel 2:14); they played with single-stick; with the cestus; wrestled; quoits; at leaping; running; and all Grecian games. The rewards in the Grecian games were of several kinds: A chaplet of wild olive; palm branches; and the honors freely given him by his friends and fellow-citizens, of sacrifices to the gods, and poems in his praise, exemption from public service, and a pension. There were four more celebrated: Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian, among the Greeks, in which the most eminent men contended for the prizes, which fact made them a fitting illustration of the Christian life. Temperance in eating and drinking was the rule, and severe exercise at stated times. The Romans added brutality and cruelty, and men were required to fight each other, and wild beasts also. Paul witnessed the games, in various cities where he preached, and is the only one in the New Testament who makes use of them as illustrations of the strife for good against evil in the theater of life.

Gammadine ( Ezekiel 27:11 ). Hired soldiers. Mercenaries.

Gamul (“weaned” ) A priest ( 1 Chronicles 24:17), leader of the 22nd course.

Gar “Sons of Gar,” servants of Solomon (1 Esdras 5:34). Garden (Hebrew: gan, ginnah; Greek: keros ). The garden was essential in Egypt. They made constant and general use of fruits and flowers at the table, which required careful cultivation. Their residences were surrounded with gardens, laid out with skillful care, with ornamental beds of curious devices, arbors of trellis-work, basins and rills of water with fish, and paved walks. The Israelites remembered the gardens when they were in the desert, and did not neglect them when in Palestine. Everywhere we find traces of such cultivation: in terraces, cisterns for water, springs cared for, and names of places compounded with Gan or Genesis (Engannim, Gennesaret). The garden was often away from the village or house a half a mile perhaps, in some favored spot for water and good soil. The summer-house was decorated with handsome designs and showy colors. It was a place of retirement (John 28:1), and also of merrymaking ( Isaiah 51:3). They were enclosed with walls, hedges, and had watch-towers; and even the poorest a booth to shelter the watchman ( Isaiah 1:8; Mark 12:1; Job 27:18). A family tomb was sometimes built in the garden ( 2 Kings 21:18,26; John 19:41,42). Garden house Place where king Ahaziah II fled from Jehu ( 2 Kings 19:27); the modern Jenin (Engannim).

Gareb, the Ithrite A hero of David’s army, from Jattir ( 2 Samuel 23:38).

Gareb, the Hill Near Jerusalem ( Jeremiah 31:39). Now occupied by the new and fine buildings of the Russian mission.

Garlic (shum ). A vegetable, something like the onion, found in Egypt ( Numbers 11:5). The Egyptians have always made use of it as a stimulant, for it quickens the circulation.

Garmite (“bony” ), ( 1 Chronicles 4:9 ). Keilah, from Gerem. Garner Garrison (Hebrew: mazzah, “garrison”; nezib, “a garrison, or also a column” ( 1 Samuel 13:3 ); mazzebah, “a pillar” ( Ezekiel 26:11 ); Greek: phoureo, to keep watch ( 2 Corinthians 11:32). The garrison at Jerusalem was a citadel, or the tower of Antonia ( Acts 21:34,37). Another, in Damascus, was used to prevent Paul’s escape.

Gatam (“burnt valley” ) Fourth son of Eliphaz ( Genesis 36:11); head of an Edomite tribe Jethema is a modern town in Arabia. Gate (Hebrew: shaar, “gate”; pethah, “entry”; saph, “threshold, door-post”; deleth, “door”, “two leaved gate”; Aramaic: tera, gate, door; Greek: thura, pule, pulon ). An entrance into a camp, a house, a tent, a temple, a city, etc. “To possess the gate,” was a term meaning power and wealth ( Genesis 22:17). It was the place of assembly ( Proverbs 1:21) for social ( Psalm 69:12) and legal purposes ( Ruth 4:1). Daniel sat in the gate of the king of Babylon ( Daniel 4:49); for attracting the notice of the king ( Esther 2:19), and for marketing ( 2 Kings 7:1). The gate was spoken of as meaning the city ( Genesis 14:60; Psalm 87:2), or the people of the city ( 2 Samuel 15:2). There was (and is) generally an open place both outside and inside the gate. In such a one the king of Ai was buried ( Joshua 8:29), and Jeremiah the prophet was set in the stocks ( Jeremiah 20:2). The Assyrian palaces furnish many illustrations of Scripture, and especially in the architecture, paintings and sculptures of the gates. They were lofty, magnificent, built for the ages, guarded by symbolic figures, never used inside of buildings, who present to the visitor the fir-cone, a symbol of life. In the floor of the door-way are usually found concealed curious, small images of baked clay, with animal heads on human (or lion) bodies and bull’s legs and tail, which were the guardian divinities of the gate ( , Arabic: Tarf , boundary). Gath One of the five royal cities of the Philistines ( Joshua 13:3; 1 Samuel 6:17), and the native place of the giant Goliath ( 1 Samuel 17:4,23). It probably stood upon the conspicuous hill now called Tell-es-Safieh, upon the side of the plain of Philistia, at the foot of the mountains of Judah; miles east of Ashdod, and about the same distance south by east of Ekron. It is irregular in form, and about 200 feet high. Gath occupied a strong position ( 2 Chronicles 11:8) on the border of Judah and Philistia ( Samuel 21:10; 1 Chronicles 18:1); and from its strength and resources, forming the key of both countries, it was the scene of frequent struggles, and was often captured and recaptured ( 2 Chronicles 11:8; 26:6; Kings 12:17; Amos 6:2). The ravages of war to which Gath was exposed appear to have destroyed it at an early period, as it is not mentioned among the other royal cities by the later prophets ( Zephaniah 2:4; Zechariah 9:5,6). Gath-Hepher (“wine-press of the well” ) Zebulon, near Japhia ( Joshua 19:13). Gittah-hepher. Benjamin of Tudela says that in his time (A.D. 1140) the tomb of Jonah was shown on a hill near Sepphoris. Gath-Rimmon 1. Dan, in the plain ( Joshua 21:24). Lost. 2. Manasseh, west of the Jordan River ( Joshua 21:25). Probably Bethshan. Gaza (“strong” ) azzah, (“desert” ) The last town in the southwest of Palestine, on the coast toward Egypt. On the high road between Egypt and Syria. Mentioned in Genesis ( Genesis 10:19), one of the oldest cities in the world ( Genesis 10:17), and is a town now. Joshua could not subdue it ( Genesis 10:41). Held by Judah a short time ( Judges 1:18; Judges 3; 12:1). Samson carried off its gates (16:1-31). Gaza is mentioned in the inscriptions at Nineveh (Layard, p. 144). The Ethiopian was baptized by Philip on the way to Gaza. There are deep wells of good water, orchards of varieties of fruit, and palm trees and olive droves. Settled by Avim or Hivites, who were driven out by the Caphtorim from Egypt. Became one of the five royal Philistine cities, the last home of the giant Anakim ( Joshua 11:22). Taken by Alexander the Great, who was wounded there (Arrian ii. 26). A church was established there early, but idolatry was only abandoned publicly when the last eight temples were destroyed, A.D. 406. Taken by the Saracens A.D. 634. The Crusaders built a fort in 1152. The ancient harbor is covered by the sands. Now called Guzzeh.

Gazara Near Azotus, Philistia (1 Macc, 14:34; Strabo 16:2). A very stronghold (2 Macc. 10:32). Supposed the same as Gazer — Gezer of 2 Samuel 5:25. Taken by Pharaoh, father-in-law to Solomon. 1 Kings 9:16; Joshua 10:33; 21:12; 16:3 point to a site between Bethhoron the nether and the sea, probably at the foot of the hills in the border of the Shefelah. There may have been two cities of the same name. Neither is located.

Gazathites People of Gaza ( Joshua 13:3).

Gazer ( 2 Samuel 5:25 ). Gazez (“shearer” ) 1. Son of Caleb. 2. Son of Haran ( 1 Chronicles 2:46).

Gazites ( Judges 16:2 ). .

Gazzam (“devouring” ) Ancestor of Nethinim ( Ezra 2:48).

Geba (“the hill” ) 1. Benjamin ( Joshua 21:17; 1 Chronicles 6:60). Was held by the Philistines ( 1 Samuel 13:3), who were expelled by Jonathan ( Samuel 14:5). Isaiah ( Isaiah 10:28) describes the march of the Assyrians, and their halt at Geba. 2. (Judith 3:10), where Holofernes is said to have encamped.

Gebal (“a line” or “mountain ridge” ). ( Psalm 83:7 ). 1. A district south of Moab, from west el Ahsy south to Shobek, near West Shuweir. The cities were Arindela, Bozrah, Shobek, Tophel, and others smaller. 2. A very ancient city on a spur of Lebanon, close to the shore, anciently having a fine harbor, which is now choked up with sand and ruins of buildings, quays, etc. The castle is one of the best specimens of ancient masonry, having stones 20 feet long and beveled. The columns and wails, and their great extent especially, prove the splendor and importance of the city ( Ezekiel 27:9; Joshua 13:5). Workers in stone from Gebal were employed on Solomon’s temple ( 1 Kings 5:18 — stone-squarers being a translation of Giblites — people of Gebal). Jebail.

Geber (“a man” ) 1. Son of Geber ( 1 Kings 4:13). 2. Son of Uri ( 1 Kings 4:19).

Gebim (“ditches” ) Village north of Jerusalem, near Anathoth ( 2 Kings 3:16; Isaiah 10:31). Now El Isawiyeh.

Gedaliah (“Jehovah made him great” ) 1. Son of Ahikam ( Jeremiah 40:5), the secretary of King Josiah. He was appointed the executive officer of Nebuchadnezzar, after the Captivity, and was popular for his piety and gentleness, but was murdered soon after his appointment by Baalis and Ishmael. 2. A Levite, one of the musicians of Jehovah ( 1 Chronicles 25:3,9). 3. A priest ( Ezra 10:18). 4. Son of Pashur ( Jeremiah 38:1). 5. Grandfather of Zephaniah ( Zephaniah 1:1).

Geddur (1 Esdras 5:30 ). .

Gedeon . 1. Ancestor of Judith ( Judges 13:1). 2. Gideon ( Hebrews 11:32). Greek form of the Hebrew, Gideon.

Geder Judah, extremes. ( Joshua 12:13). Lost.

Gederah (“sheep-cote” ) Judah, in the Shefelah ( Joshua 15:36). Lost.

Gederashite The natives of Gederah ( 1 Chronicles 12:4).

Gederite Inhabitants of Geder ( 1 Chronicles 27:28).

Gederoth (“sheep-cotes” ) (two sheep-cotes), Lost.

Gedor 1. Judah, in the mountains ( Joshua 15:58), near Hebron, or half-way to Bethlehem. The modern name is Jedur. 2. Benj. ( 1 Chronicles 12:7). 3. ( 1 Chronicles 4:39). A place from whence Simeon expelled the Hamites, dwellers in tents, and the Maonites. Probably on the way to Petra. Lost.

Gehazi (“valley of vision” ) Servant of Elisha. An unfaithful messenger of the good Shunammite (2 Kings 4—5).

Gehenna The Greek name of Hinnom.

Geliloth (“to roll or wind as a river” ) Benj., near Adummim, the same as Gilgal ( Joshua 18:17).

Gemalle (“camel-driver” ) Father of Ammiel. A spy ( Numbers 13:12).

Gemariah Jehovah has made perfect). 1. Son of Shaphan, a noble of Judah, who had a chamber in the house of the Lord ( Jeremiah 36:10 ff). 2. Son of Hilkiah ( Jeremiah 29:3 ff).

Gems . Genealogy The Orientals are peculiar in keeping genealogies of their families, and also of horses and camels. They made them the means of proving titles to property and offices. No list is so long or complete as that of Jesus.

General ( 1 Chronicles 27:34 ). .

Generation (Hebrew: dor, “a period of time” ) Now about thirty years. The Hebrews had no fixed limit. One term is mentioned as 86 years ( Genesis 15:16), another 130 ( Genesis 5:3), and one 500 years ( Genesis 5:32). Its average was 30 to 40, probably, as now.

Genesis .

Gennesaret, Sea of (“the garden” ) The Sea of Tiberias; the Sea of Chinnereth; the Sea of Galilee ( Numbers 34:11; Joshua 12:3). Named from a town of the same name ( Joshua 19:35), which is lost, if it is not the site between Tiberias and the hot baths ( Joshua 11:2; Deuteronomy 3:17). Most of the life of Jesus was passed near this lake. Capernaum was on its shore, “His own city” ( Matthew 4:13). He called his first disciples from among its fishermen (Luke 5). Near it were spoken many of his parables, the Sermon on the Mount, and a number of the miracles were performed. There were 9 cities on its shores, and many others near. It is about 13 miles long and 6 miles wide, and the surface is 700 feet below the level of the ocean. The water is, in some places, 250 feet deep. The east shore is 2,000 feet high, bare of trees, and cut down by deep ravines, quite flat and uniform on the summits. The west banks are similar, but not so regular in height, and being opened for the plain of Gennesaret. The whole basin has a scathed, volcanic look. The climate is quite tropical. Palms and all kinds of trees and vegetables grow luxuriantly, and indigo is cultivated. The beach is pebbly everywhere, and is covered by small, twisted shells, purplish grey. Only one of the nine cities now remains, Tiberias, almost in ruins, and even the sites of the others are disputed and in doubt.

Gennius (“high-born” ) Father of Apolionius IV (2 Macc. 12:2).

Gentiles (Hebrew: goyim, “foreigners”, not Jews; Greek: elknos, “people”; hellene, “Greeks” ). Any people not Hebrews, and who do not worship Jehovah.

Genubath (“theft” ) Son of Hadad 4, a member of Pharaoh’s court ( 1 Kings 11:20).

Geon One of the four rivers of Paradise ( Genesis 2:13). Perhaps only used as a poetic figure (Ecclesiastes 24:27).

Gera (“a grain” ) Descendant of Benjamin ( Genesis 46:21). Son of Bela ( 1 Chronicles 8:3).

Gerah (“berry” ) .

Gerar A very ancient city south of Gaza ( Genesis 10:19; 20:1; 26:1). Near Kedesh in Shur; peopled by pastoral Philistines. Isaac was born there ( Genesis 21:2,3), and found it a very fertile land ( Genesis 26:12), and grew so rich that the Philistines envied him ( Genesis 26:14).

Gerasa In Matthew 8:28, mistaken for Gadarenes. On the east border of Peraea (Josephus, Wars iii. 3, section 3), in the mountains of Gilead,20 miles east of the Jordan,25 north of Rabbath Ammon, Philadelphia. It was once one of the proudest cities of Syria, as its abundant ruins testify. The Saracens have never occupied it. Built in a narrow valley, on both the sloping sides, 5 miles from the Jabbok. Through it a small creek winds, fringed with many trees and shrubs. There was a colonnade from end to end of the city, with a circular forum at one end. Hundreds of columns are still standing. It was one of the cities of the Decapolis, but is not mentioned by name in the Bible. The present people are active and prosperous.

Gergesenes People of Gergesa on the east of the Sea of Galilee ( Matthew 8:28). .

Gerizim (“desert or shorn” ) South of Shechem. The law was given on Mount Sinai, and the blessing and cursing on the two mountains, Ebal and Gerizira. ( ). Jotham stood on Gerizim when he denounced Abimelech (Judges 9). When Alexander took Palestine he gave Sanballat (the Persian governor under Darius) permission to build a temple on Mount Gerizim; and Manasseh, brother of Jaddua the high priest at Jerusalem, was made high priest at Shechem, about 420 B.C. This temple was destroyed by the Jews, B.C. The ruins are still shown. The Samaritans worship here yet, without temple or altar. The view from the summit is one of the finest in Palestine, commanding the deep blue of the Great Sea, snowy Mount Hermon, purple Gilead and Moab, and the lovely green valley of Mokhna at its foot.

Gerizites (“dwelling in a desert land” ) .

Gerrhenians, the (2 Macc. 13:24 ). Inhabitants of Gerar.

Gershom 1. Son of Moses ( Exodus 2:22; 18:3). 2. Son of Levi ( 1 Chronicles 6:16,17,20). 3. A member of the family of Phinehas ( Ezra 8:2. .

Gershon (“expulsion” ) Son of Levi ( Genesis 46:11).

Gershonites, the Descendants of Gershom ( 1 Chronicles 26:21). They had charge of the coverings, curtains, hangings, cords, etc., of the Tabernacle, and of transporting them.

Gerson (1 Esdras 8:29 ). Error for Gershon.

Gerzites (“dwelling is a desert” ), people who occupied the land south of Palestine and Egypt ( 1 Samuel 27:8).

Gesem ( Judges 1:9).

Gesham (“filthy” ) Son of Jahdai ( 1 Chronicles 2:47).

Geshem (“carcass” ) An Arabian ( Nehemiah 2:19; 6:2). An inveterate enemy of the Jews in the time of Nehemiah.

Geshur (“bridge” ) Northeast, in Bashan ( Deuteronomy 3:14). David married Maachah, the daughter of Talmai, king of Geshur ( 2 Samuel 3:3), mother of Absalom. Joab found Absalom in this place ( 2 Samuel 13:37; 15:8). It is supposed to be the district now called El Lejah.

Geshuri and Geshurites 1. People of Geshur ( Deuteronomy 3:14). 2. Ancient tribe, in the desert between Arabia and Philistia ( Joshua 13:2).

Gether (“fear” ) Son of Aram ( Genesis 10:23). Gethsemane (“oil-press garden — wine-press” ) wine ) “A small farm.” In the Kidron valley, on the lower slope of Olivet, feet from Stephen’s Gate, and 800 feet from the closed Gate, at the angle between the direct road up Olivet and that leading to the right around the hill (both leading to Bethany). Tradition only locates the “garden” ( John 18:1) here; the “place” ( Matthew 26:36; Mark 14:32) was “over the brook Kidron, on Olivet somewhere, perhaps nearer Bethany on the road to the right; or rather away from any road. From the days of Eusebius, Jerome, and Adamnanus, some such place has been spoken of as “a place of prayer for the faithful” (Jerome), and having a church built on it. The place might have been selected by the Empress Helena (as many others were), to represent that mentioned in the Gospels. It is now walled in, enclosing eight very old olive-trees, and ornamented with beds of flowers. One of the trees is 25 feet in girth. The city walls and the top of the dome on the Great Mosque are in plain view. The Turks have pleasure-grounds, or gardens, further up the valley, where they resort to enjoy the cool shade of the olive-trees, some of which are quite as large as those in “Gethsemane.” The antiquity of these trees is argued from the tax of one medina for each tree, which rate was fixed for trees that stood at the time of the conquest; all those planted since being taxed one-half their produce (Chateaubriand). This would carry the date back to A.D. 634, when Omar took Jerusalem; or, if the tax was decreed after the Turks took the city, to A.D. 1087. Pilgrims pay the guide for showing this place, with others at the Holy City.

Geuel (“God’s majesty” ) Son of Machi; a spy ( Numbers 13:15).

Gezer City of Canaan, not far from Bethboron, the west limit of the tribe of Ephraim, ( 1 Chronicles 7:28). Horam, king of Gezer, came up to help Lachish, and was killed by Joshua ( Joshua 10:33). David smote the Philistines from Geba to Gezer ( 2 Samuel 5:25). Site lost.

Gezrites Inhabitants of Gezer ( 1 Samuel 27:8). Ghost (“Spirit” ) .

Giah (“breaking forth” ) ( 2 Samuel 2:24 ). To distinguish the position of the hill Ammah. Giants (Hebrew: nephilim, rephaim ). Persons of great strength. The Nephilim were living in Canaan at the time of the Exodus ( Numbers 13:33). The sons of Anak were afterward identified with the same race, living at Hebron. The Rephaim were a tribe living in Canaan, Og being a king of the branch on the east of the Jordan River ( Deuteronomy 3:11). The same name was in later times given to any large and strong people. The Emim and Zamzummim were also of the giants ( Deuteronomy 2:10,20). These merely strong men gave way before the skillful, and disappear from the history of the cultivated people.

Goliath and his brother are the last mentioned.

Gibbar (“hero” ) 95 of this family returned with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:20). Gibeon in Nehemiah 7.

Gibbethon (“hill” ) Town in Dan ( Joshua 19:44). Levitical. Gibeah (“rounded — a hill” ) 1. ( 1 Samuel 15:34). The native place of Saul ( 1 Samuel 10:26; 2 Samuel 21:6), where he was a farmer. He made it his capital ( 1 Samuel 22:6). Seven of his descendants were hanged by the Amorites ( Isaiah 10:29). The site is pointed out, four miles north of Jerusalem, at Tuleil el Ful (“little hill of beans,” where there is an ancient ruin on the top of a conical hill. 2. ( Joshua 15:57). Jeba, in Wady Masurr, near Hebron. 3. (Josh 18:28), near to Kirjath Jearim, where the Ark of God was kept for a while ( 2 Samuel 6:3), in the time of Saul. 4. ( Joshua 24:33). Where Eleazar, son of Aaron, was buried, in Mount Ephraim,12 miles north of Jerusalem, near a glen of the same name. 5. (Judges 19—20). A city, having a square, and 700 “chosen men,” near Bethel; mentioned during the Philistine wars of Saul and Jonathan (1 Samuel 13—14). Jeba in the Wady Suweinit. 6. ) ( Judges 20:31). On one of the highways leading from Gibeah of Benjamin. Lost. 7. Several other places are also called Gibeah: 1. ( Joshua 5:3), called afterward Gilgal. 2. The hill of Moreh ( Judges 7:1). 3. Gibeath-ha-Elohlm, the hill of God ( 1 Samuel 10:5). Lost. 4. Gibeah of Hachilah ( 1 Samuel 23:19; 26:1). 5. (Gibeah of Ammah ( 2 Samuel 2:24). 6. Gibeah of Gareh ( Jeremiah 31:39).

Gibeath ( Joshua 18:28 ). ( 1 Chronicles 12:3 ). Gibeon (“belonging to a hill” ) ( Joshua 9:3-15)., One of the four cities of the , the people who made a league with Joshua by an artifice, and so escaped the fate of Jericho and Ai. It was in Benjamin ( Joshua 18:25). TULEIL EL FUL (“hill of beans”). The contest of the two parties of twelve, of David and of Ishbosheth, was by the pool of Gibeon. Joab killed Amasa ( Samuel 20:10) at the great stone in Gibeon; and Joab himself fled to Gibson for sanctuary, when condemned by Solomon, and was killed by Benaiah ( 1 Kings 2:34).

Gibeonites ( Joshua 9:17 ). Hivites who played a trick on Joshua, saving their lives, but accepting a life of servitude ( Joshua 5:23,27). Saul attempted their destruction (2 Samuel 21), and his sons were “crucified” to appease them.

Giblites Natives of (Gebal ( Joshua 13:5). The “land of the Giblites” was, among the Promised Land, to be governed by Joshua. They were noted as shipcarpenters in Solomon’s time, and as stone-masons. Their chief city, Byblus, was the seat of the worship of Adonis ( Ezekiel 8:14).

Giddalti (“I have made great” ) Son of Heman ( 1 Chronicles 25:4).

Giddeh (“giant” ) 1. Children of Giddeh, returned with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:47). 2. Children of Giddeh were “servants of Solomon” ( Ezra 2:56). Gideon (“destroyer” ), also, (striver against Baal). The 5th Judge. He destroyed the Midianite host, with the “300 men that lapped” ( Judges 8:10).

Gideoni (“cutting down” ) Father of Abidan ( Numbers 1:11).

Gidom Near Rimmon ( Joshua 20:45). Gift This is a formal business in the East. You are compelled by custom to accept and to return a gift from any person, or take the consequences of an insult by refusing. There are 15 names for gift: minhah , is a gift from one to a superior ( Judges 3:15); masoth , from a king or any superior ( Esther 2:18); nisseth , is similar ( 2 Samuel 14:42); berachah (“blessing”), complimentary; shochad , “bribe”; mattan , mattanah , “present” ( Genesis 25:6); mettath , “false gift” ( Proverbs 25:14); Greek: doma , “gift” ( Matthew 7:11); dorea , dorema , doron , “gift or offering”; anathema , “devoted”; charisma , “gift”; charis , “grace”; and several others. It was no less an insult to neglect to give a present when custom led one to expect such a mark of respect ( 1 Samuel 10:27).

Gihon 1. The second river of Paradise ( Genesis 2:13). 2. Near Jerusalem, where Solomon was anointed and proclaimed king ( 1 Kings 1:33,38,45). The waters of Nihon were “stopped’ by Hezekiah; that is, were conducted “straight down to the west side of the city of David” ( 2 Chronicles 32:30). .

Gilali (“heavy” ) The son of a priest at the consecration of the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 12:36).

Gilboa (“bubbling fountain” ) A mountain range between the plain of Esdraelon and the Jordan River, near which is the city of Jezreel ( 1 Samuel 28:4; 29:1). Mentioned only in connection with the death of Saul and Jonathan ( 1 Samuel 31:1; Samuel 1:6, 21:12; 1 Chronicles 10:1,8). The fountain from which it was named is at its northern base, and was called the well of Harod ( Judges 7:1), and the spring of Jezreel ( 1 Samuel 29:1). The modern name is Jebel Fukuah, and it is 600 feet high above the plain, and there is on its highest summit a village and ruin called Gelbus by Eusebius, and Wezar by the Arabs. Gilead, Mount, The Land of (“rugged” ) ( Genesis 31:21). First known in Jacob’s time. It next appears when the Israelites were on the march from Egypt, as divided in two sections and governed by Og and Sihon. It is rich in pastures and forests, well watered, and the great number of ruins bear witness of a former numerous population. It was occupied by Reuben and Gad. The whole extent, from Rabbath Ammon to the Hieromax, is one broad, elevated region or mountain ( Deuteronomy 3:12). The same elevation is called Bashan, north of that river. The Lord showed Moses, from the top of Pisgah, all the land of Gilead unto Daniel Probably a popular phrase, as was “from Dan to Beersheba” ( Joshua 20:8). The Gadites are supposed to have imitated the habits of the people they displaced, which are now preserved by the Bedouins in the same district. Thus Jephthah appears like an Arab sheikh of our day (Judges 11); and some of David’s captains were trained there ( 1 Chronicles 12:8,15). was its chief city ( 1 Kings 22:4). Gilead first fell before the Assyrians ( 2 Kings 15:29). It was an asylum for refugees ( 2 Samuel 2:8), David fleeing there from Absalom. It is now known south of the Jabbok as Jebel Jilad, and north of that river as Jebel Ajlun, and the capital is Es Salt, on the site of the ancient Ramoth Gilead. The whole country is like a fine park.

Graceful hills, rich vales, luxuriant herbage, bright wild-flowers, noble forests, wooded heights, and winding glens clothed with tangled shrubbery, open glades and flat meadows of richest green, all so strongly in contrast with the general barren aspect of Western Palestine.

Gileadite, the ( Judges 10:3 ). A branch of the tribe of Manasseh. Gilgal (“circle” ), ( Joshua 4:19 ). 1. Near Jericho; the first encampment of the Israelites in Palestine, where they set up twelve stones as a memorial of the passage of the Jordan River. An ancient city ( Deuteronomy 11:30). It was for centuries the great place of the nation’s assembly ( Deuteronomy 9:6, 10:6,43). The Tabernacle was pitched here until it was removed to Shiloh ( Deuteronomy 18:1). It was visited by Samuel and Saul and David ( 1 Samuel 10:8; 11:14; 13:4; 15:12 19:15). There was a high place there for idolaters ( Hosea 4:15; Amos 4:4; 5:5). As prophesied, the place is utterly desolated. It is impossible now to find where the city was. It was probably not far from Jericho. 2. A royal city of the Canaanites, near Dor ( Joshua 12:23). Jilyuleh (?) 4 miles south of Antipatris. 3. ( 2 Kings 2:1), Jiljilia, 6 miles north of Bethel.

Giloh ( Joshua 15:51 ). Judah. Native place of Ahithophel ( 2 Samuel 15:12). Lost.

Gilonite ( 2 Samuel 15:12 ).

Gimzo ( 2 Chronicles 28:18 ). Judah, near Daniel Jimzu, a large village on a hill, well shaded with trees, miles southwest of Lydda, where the two roads from Jerusalem (by the Beth-horons and by the Wady Suleiman, which parted at Gibeon) join and go on to Jaffa. There are some large underground: granaries here.

Gin A trap for birds and beasts ( Isaiah 8:14; Amos 3:5).

Ginath (“protection” ) Father of Tibni ( 1 Kings 16:21,22). He disputed the throne with .

Ginnetho A priest who returned with Zerubbabel ( Nehemiah 12:4).

Ginnethon (“gardener” ) A priest ( Nehemiah 10:6). Girdle (Hebrew: hagor, ezor, mezah, abnet; Greek: zone ). .

Girgashites, the ( Genesis 10:16; 15:21 ). The descendants of the fifth son of Canaan, who settled on the east of the Sea of Galilee. Called Gergesenes in Matthew 8:28.

Gispa (“caress” ) An overseer of Nethinim ( Nehemiah 11:21).

Gittahhepher . ( Joshua 19:13).

Gittaim (“two wine-presses” ) ( 2 Samuel 4:3). A place built by the Gibeonites after they had been expelled from Beeroth ( Joshua 9:17). Inhabited by Benjamites, after the return from captivity.

Gittites People of Gath. 600 men who went with David from Gath ( 2 Samuel 15:18,19).

Gittith A musical instrument. (Psalm 8; Psalm 76; Psalm 4).

Gizonite (“pass, ford” ) ( 1 Chronicles 11:34 ). Gouni. Glass So many specimens of ancient glass vessels have been found lately, there is no longer any doubt as to the remote antiquity of the manufacture of glass. It was practiced in Egypt, where the ancient paintings represent men at work over the furnaces, and in the laboratory blowing vessels of glass, at least 1400 B.C. Images beads cups, vases, bottles, even coffins, and a great! variety of useful and ornamental articles, were made of this material, which are now shown in the Museums at New York and in Europe. The emperor Hadrian was presented by an Egyptian priest with some glass vases, so rare and excellent as to be reserved for unusual occasions of display. Clear glass was not valued, but colored, every variety of tone and tint were sought after. The allusions to glass in the Bible are never to a transparent substance, but to a shining, brilliant, colored mass ( Revelation 4:4). But two colorless, transparent drinking cups were bought by Nero, at a great price. Glass was not used in windows; a thin stone, mica, or talc being used until long after our era. Mirrors (“lookingglasses” in Exodus 38:8) were made of metal, not of glass. ( ). The Egyptians (and other ancients) practiced the art of grinding, engraving, and inlaying it with gold enamel, and of working elaborate designs in colors (as an image of a duck with the feathers imitated in form and color) in the midst of masses of clear glass. Precious stones were very successfully imitated by colored glass.

Gleaning . The poor had the rights of gleaning fruit and grain-fields.

Glede (raah ). Kite. Probably the buzzard. ( Deuteronomy 14:13). Glory The heart, soul, intelligence, feeling, will, and so the glory of a man as a living, rational being. Of God, it is the manifestation of the divine attributes and perfections, or such a visible effulgence of light as indicates these ( Exodus 32:18; John 1:14). The chief end of the Christian is, live “to the glory of God.” “Give God the glory,” is, to confess the truth ( Joshua 8:19; John 9:24). “My glory” is my soul, in Psalm 16:9,12, etc.

Gloss Explanation. A glossary is a collection of notes intended to illustrate or explain the text. Many words in the Scriptures and the Gospels were obscure to the common people, and needed to be explained, in a theological, historical, geographical, biographical, allegorical and mystical manner. Some glosses were written in the margin (marginal notes), or between the lines in a smaller letter. These were sometimes transferred into the body of the text by ignorant or careless copyists, a few instances being pointed out. Only the most competent scholars can detect these errors. The great exegetical thesaurus of the Middle Ages was collected by Walafrid Strabo from Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome, Gregory, Isidore, Beda, Alcuin, Rhabanus, Maurus and his own writings. Gnat (nat, Greek konops ). Mosquito. One of the smallest of insects ( Matthew 23:24). The bite in the East often produces sores, with fever. Sleeping on high ground, away from water or trees, is one way of avoiding them. Goad (Hebrew: malmad, “a pole” ( Judges 3:31 ); dorban, “the spike point” ( 1 Samuel 13:12). . Goat (akko, yeelim, azelah, “wild goat”, attud, zafir, sair, “hairy”, he-goat (Greek satyr ), ez, “she-goat”, or “goat”, taish, gedi, “kid”, Greek: eriphion ( Matthew 25:33 ). Goats are an important part of pastoral wealth in the East. Neither Abraham or Job had them, unless they were included in the “flocks.” Jacob tended them (attudim, “he-goats”, is rendered “rams” in Genesis 31:10,12). The goat was used in sacrifice as the type of the Christ, and the paschal-lamb could be from the sheep or the goats ( Exodus 12:5), as also the burnt-offering ( Leviticus 1:10), the peace-offering ( Leviticus 3:12), the sin-offering ( Leviticus 4:23), and the trespassoffering ( Leviticus 4:6); the scapegoat (see ) was a peculiar type of Christ as the sin-bearer ( Leviticus 4:24). The flesh of the kid is excellent; of the old goat not very palatable. An old Karaite gloss says: “The idolaters seethed a kid in its mother’s milk, and sprinkled the broth on their trees, gardens, etc., and Moses therefore condemned the practice.” Goat’s milk is very valuable ( Proverbs 27:26,27). and is milked at the door of customers every morning. The skin is used for bottles. The hair for cloth, for cloaks, or tents ( Song of Solomon 1:5; Exodus 36:14), or pillows ( 1 Samuel 19:13). The Angora goat has the longest and best hair for cloth. The long-eared Syrian goat is peculiar to Syria. (The ears are sometimes 2 feet long). A delicate grey wool under the long hair is the valued stuff for cloth, only three ounces being had from each goat, but of extreme fineness. The goat was a symbol of Macedonia. It is used often by the prophets, poets, and evangelists, as a symbol or type. Goat, Scape .

Goath (“to low”, as a cow ).

Goath, (heifer’s pool). ( Jeremiah 31:39). Near the hill Gareb.

Gob (“pit” ) ( 2 Samuel 21:18,19). The scene of two battles between David’s soldiers and the Philistines. , in 1 Chronicles 20:4.

Goblet (Hebrew: aggan ). A vessel for wine or other liquid ( Song of Solomon 7:2). , . Godliness, Mystery of ( 1 Timothy 3:16 ). Jesus, the Christ. God-Speed ( 2 John 1:10,11 ). Good speed. Gog (“mountain” ) 1. Son of Shemaiah, of Reuben ( 1 Chronicles 5:4). 2. 3. In the Septuagint of Numbers 14:9, Gog is instead of Agag. Gog, as used by Ezekiel (Ezekiel 38; Ezekiel 39), means the head or chief of Magog; and also John ( Revelation 20:8-10), making Gog and Magog persons.

Golan ( Deuteronomy 4:43 ). A Levitical city of Bashan in Manasseh ( Joshua 21:27). One of the cities of refuge ( Joshua 20:8). The site is lost. The city is not mentioned after the time of Joshua in the Scriptures, but the city and the district of the same name is often mentioned by Josephus. Gamala (El Husn), on the east shore of the Sea of Galilee, was in the district (B. J. iv. i. 1). Its principal cities were Golan, Hippos, Gamala, Julias or Bethsaida, Seleucia, and Sogane (Josephus), and about 121 others, nearly all of which are unknown. The country is high (2500 feet), flat, and fertile, well watered, with good pasture. This is the of 1 Kings 20:23,25, where the Syrians were defeated near Aphek (now called Fik). The low, rounded hills, called Tells, extending south from Hermon for about 20 miles, are partly covered with forests or groves of oak and terebinth. The wandering Bedouins (Anazeh) visit the Jaulan every year in May, with their flocks and herds. Gold (Hebrew: zahab; Greek: chrusion, chrusos ). Gold has been known from the earliest times, and seems to have been very abundant among the ancients. It was a representative of wealth, and much used for ornaments and for the decoration and utensils of public buildings. Coined money of gold is not mentioned very early. .

Goldsmith Alluded to in Proverbs 17:3; Isaiah 46:6; Judges 17:4; Nehemiah 3:8, etc.

Golgotha (“a skull” ), ( Matthew 27:33, etc. ). Where Jesus was crucified, outside of the city gate ( Hebrews 13:12), but near the city ( John 19:20), and a road leading from the country, where there were passers-by ( Matthew 27:39); and there was a garden or orchard at the place ( Mark 15:46). The place is not mentioned again until A.D. 355 when a church was built to honor the spot. The city at that time had a wall about Zion, and another about Acta. Beyond these, to the north the suburbs were enclosed by another wall by Agrippa. This seems to leave no place for the site on that side, and therefore denies the claim of the present Church of the Holy Sepulchre, in the center of the modern city. Another theory places the site on Mount Moriah, where now stands the great mosque called the Dome of the Rock, which claimed to be the real church built by Constantine. There is a cave in a rock under this building, which is claimed to be the tomb; and also that it was Araunah’s threshingfloor. Another theory is, that the site was not far from Stephen’s gate. William C. Prime has discovered (1871) a wall which he thinks is a part of the ancient 2nd wall so long in question, and found it in the right position and direction to exclude the Holy Sepulchre Church, and so arguing for that as the site which was accepted by Constantine (or Helena) as the true one. .

Goliath (“exile” ) A giant of Gath, who defied the armies of Israel, “morning and evening for forty days,” and whose defeat (1 Samuel 17) threw such glory around the youthful career of David. Gomer ( Genesis 10:2,3; Ezekiel 38:6 ). Oldest son of Japheth. Progenitor of the Cimmerians, whose traces are found in the Cimmerian Bosporus, C. Isthmus, Mount Cimmeriun, Cimmeria, and the C. walls (Herodotus, iv. 12, 45, 100), and also in the modern name Crimea. The Cymri of Wales, Cambria, and Cumberland in England are assigned to the same origin. Gomorrah (“submersion” ) One of the 5 cities of the plain or vale of Siddim, whose kings joined battle against four kings (Chedorlaomer and his allies, Genesis 14:2-8), when Abram came to the rescue. Four of them were destroyed, leaving only Zoar or Bela, which was spared at Lot’s request ( Genesis 19:23-29). Their fate is alluded to by the prophets as a warning to Israel ( Deuteronomy 29:23; Isaiah 13:19); to Edom ( Jeremiah 49:18; 50:40), to Moab ( Zephaniah 2:9); and again to Israel by Amos ( Amos 4:11); and by Peter ( 2 Peter 2:6); and by Jude 1:4-7), as a warning to those who should “deny Christ.” The site of these cities is a question that it has been impossible to solve. They were said to be in the vale of Siddim, which became (is) the Salt Sea ( Genesis 14:3), or sea of the plain ( Joshua 12:3). Josephus says the region was not submerged (B. J. iv. 8, 4), but remained visible, and parched. It is now known that the Dead Sea was a lake from the creation, being a natural formation which has been undisturbed, not even by a volcano, and the water being very deep (500 to 2,300 feet), leaves no place for sites of cities; and although the south bog (below Lisan) is shallow (3 to 12 feet), its bed has been elevated by the rivers which flow north from the Arabah. Not one of the cities has ever been found, except it may be Zoar. in the Apocrypha.

Gopher (“pitch” ) A hard, strong tree, from the wood of which Noah’s ark was made ( Genesis 6:14). Cypress or pine.

Gorgias General of Antiochus Epiphanes (1 Macc. 3:38).

Gortyna In Crete (1 Macc. 15:23). It was the capital of the Island under the Romans. The famous Cretan labyrinth was here, the ruins of which are found at the foot of Mount Ida. Paul may have preached here, while his vessel was at Fair Havens, where “much time” was spent ( Acts 27:9). Goshen That part of Egypt, east of the Delta, near the way of the land of the Philistines ( Exodus 13:17), where there was pasture-land, suited to the habits of Joseph’s brethren. The only limits that can be indicated from the ancient accounts are the present Wady El Tumeylat, and the desert lakes, Temsah and Bitter Lakes. This region is still very productive wherever it is watered either from the Nile or from wells ( Genesis 45:10; 46:28; 47:27; 50:8; Exodus 8:22; 9:26). The plagues of Egypt did not effect this land. The soil is capable of tillage to an indefinite extent.

Gospels Good news. .

Gothoniel Othniel, father of Chabris (Judith 6:15).

Gourd (Hebrew: kikayon, Jonah 4:6-10 ). Perhaps the castor-oil plant, which grows like a tree in the East. Some think it was a pumpkin, which grows very large and rapid. The pakkuoth ( 2 Kings 4:39) was a poisonous fruit, gathered by the pupils of Elisha. Thought to be the colocynth. Knops in 1 Kings 7:24. Governor (Hebrew: allseph ). 1. A sheikh ( Zechariah 9:7); duke in some places. 2. hokek , cadi, a justice ( Judges 5:9). 3. mehokek ( Judges 5:14). 4. moshel , pasha , “judge” ( Genesis 45:26; ruler in Joshua 12:2). 5. nagid 6. nasi . 7. pechah . 8. pakia . 9. shallit . 10. sar . 11. segan . 12. Greek: ethnarches , “ruler”. 13. hegemon , “leader”. 14. oikonomos , “steward”. 15. architriklinos , “ruler of the feast” (Ecclesiastes 32).

Gozen (“quarry” ), ( 1 Chronicles 5:26 ). The Gauzanites of Ptolemy, watered by the Habor, in Assyria, where the Israelites were carried captive. Mygdonia. Grace (“favor” ) (Hebrew: chen ; Greek: charis .) Kindness toward mankind shown by the Lord Jesus ( John 1:14,16, etc.). Grass (Hebrew: hatzio; “herbage” ) ( 1 Kings 18:5); dasha , “first-shoots”, in Jeremiah 1:11; yerek , “green” ( Numbers 22:4); eseb , “herbs” ( Genesis 1:30). Greek: chortos ( Matthew 6:30); “blade” in Mark 4:28.

Grasshopper .

Grayhound Alluded to in Proverbs 30:31, as one of “four things which are comely in going.” Some prefer ‘“horse,” and others “cock.”

Grecian Believing Greeks from Greece ( Acts 6:1, etc.). Also such Jews as had been born in other lands, as well as in Palestine, but who had been educated abroad.

Greece (Greek Hellas; Hebrew: Javan ).

Greece included the four provinces of Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia (Hellas) and Peloponnesus (Morea). Generally only Hellas and Peloponnesus are meant. The grand features are mountain and sea, which exerted a strong influence on the character of the people, as appears in their poetry, religion, and history. The climate is very temperate, the air salubrious, and the soil fertile. Its history extends back to B.C. 776, in authentic records, and beyond that in traditions and myths, such as that of Aegialus, who founded Sicyon B.C. 2089, and of Uranus, who settled there B.C. 2042. The Greeks said they received from Asia Minor, Phoenicia, and Egypt letters and laws, and certain tenets in religion. The Egyptian Inachus founded Argos B.C. 1856, and Cecrops led a colony 300 years earlier to Attica, carrying with him the worship of the goddess Neith (Athenae). The Phoenician Cadmus founded Thebes in Boeotia, and taught the Greeks letters. (See page 173 in the book.) The Phrygian Pelops took possession of the south, B.C. 1283, naming it after himself. The famous expedition of Jason and the Argonauts in search of the golden fleece, is dated B.C. 1263, and the siege of Troy, B.C. 1193. From the First Olympia, B.C. 776, to B.C. 300, Greece was a leader power in politics and religion. It is chiefly from Alexander’s time down, that the Bible has to do with Greece. First known to the Jews in the slave-market of Tyre, where the prophet Joel charges the Tyrians with selling Hebrew children to the Grecians ( Joel 3:6), B.C. 800; and Ezekiel says, “traded the persons of men and vessels of brass in thy market” ( Ezekiel 27:13). Greek slaves were highly valued in all the East (Bochart i., c. 3:175). Daniel mentions Greece ( Daniel 8:21, etc.) in his sketch of Alexander and his successors. Alexander visited Jerusalem and respected its religion (Antiquities xi. 8, 3). The Lacedaemonians sent an embassy and a letter to the Jews, B.C. 300 (Ant. xii. 4, 10), when king Areus claims kinship for his people with the Jews. Paul visited Greece ( Acts 20:2), staying there three months. The Greeks, and their language, were so influential in Paul’s time that the name Greek stands in the New Testament as Gentile does in the Old Testament. Their influence on the spread of the Gospel by a peculiar preparation of the mind for the Gospel teachings was very great, in quickening thought and destroying indifference to religion. ( in the ). The arts of war, and the fine-arts of peace were carried to a great perfection. Their Asiatic empire spread their institutions, and filled half of Asia Minor with temples, theaters, aqueducts, and well-built cities. The Church did not flourish in Athens, but was more eminent in Corinth. Greek Educated in the religion and language of Greece. Barbarian was anyone who was not a Greek. Greek Versions of the Old Testament , .

Grinding .

Grove (Hebrew: asherah, an image worshipped in the grove ), ( 2 Kings 8:6). A wood dedicated to idolatry. The sacred symbolic tree of Assyria refers to the same idea. The Hebrew word elon also means “grove” (translated “oak of Mamre,” in Genesis 13:18, and “of Moreh,” in Genesis 12:6, etc.). The grove took the place of the church building in the ancient pagan religions, where altars were erected to the gods. Pliny says trees were the first temples. Afterward the temples were built in the groves. The Temple of Solomon had figures of trees on its interior walls for ornaments. The mosque which stands on its site now has olive, palm and cedar trees growing around it. Tree worship was widespread, and is not yet passed away. The Buddhists of India venerate the banian (“fig tree). The Etrurians worshiped a palm, the Druids and Celts an oak. Guard 1. tabbach , “a cook”, afterward “an executioner”), ( Genesis 37:36). 2. raz , “a runner” ( 2 Samuel 15:1). They also carried dispatches. “Guard-chamber” 1 Kings 14:28). 3. mishmereth , “watching” Nehemiah 4:9). “Which goeth at thy bidding,” in 1 Samuel 22:14, should be “captain of the body-guard.”

Gudgodah (“thunder” ), ( Deuteronomy 10:7 ). . Guest Guest-chamber. . Guilty Bound by his oath ( Matthew 23:1). Deserving death ( Numbers 35:31).

Gulloth ( Joshua 15:19 ). Springs, upper and lower, added by Caleb to his daughter Achsah’s dower. They were near Debir, but cannot now be identified. Possibly Ain Nunkar, and, Dewir Ban, east of Hebron.

Guni (“colored” ) 1. Son of Naphtali ( Genesis 46:24). 2. Descendants of Gael ( 1 Chronicles 5:15), father of Abdiel.

Gunites, the Sons of Naphtali ( Numbers 26:48).

Gur (“ascent”’ ). Where Ahaziah was wounded ( 2 Kings 9:27) at Ibleam, between Jezreel and Bethhaggan (“garden-house”), which is now said to be Jeuin. The pass may be the very steep place on the road from Jezreel to the plain of Esdraelon, near Megiddo.

Gurbaal (“ascent of Baal” ), ( 2 Chronicles 26:7 ). “And God helped him (Uzziah) against the Arabians that dwelt in Gurbaal.” Supposed to mean Gerar.