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CHAPTER XL

Pharaoh's chief butler and his chief baker, having offended their lord, are put in prison, 1-3. The captain of the guard gives them into the care of Joseph, 4. Each of them has a dream, 5. Joseph, seeing them sad, questions them on the subject, 6, 7. Their answer, 8. The chief butler tells his dream, 9-11. Joseph interprets it, 12, 13. Gives a slight sketch of his history to the chief butler, and begs him to think upon him when restored to his office, 14, 15. The chief baker tells his dream, 16, 17. Joseph interprets this also, 18, 19. Both dreams are fulfilled according to the interpretation, the chief butler being restored to his office, and the chief baker hanged, 20-22. The chief butler makes no interest for Joseph, 23.

NOTES ON CHAP. XL

Verse 1. "The butler" - hqm mashkeh, the same as saky among the Arabians and Persians, and signifying a cup-bearer.

"Baker" - hpa opheh; rather cook, confectioner, or the like.

"Had offended" - They had probably been accused of attempting to take away the king's life, one by poisoning his drink, the other by poisoning his bread or confectionaries.

Verse 3. "Where Joseph was bound." - The place in which Joseph was now confined; this is what is implied in being bound; for, without doubt, he had his personal liberty. As the butler and. the baker were state criminals they were put in the same prison with Joseph, which we learn from the preceding chapter, Genesis xxxix. 20, was the king's prison. All the officers in the employment of the ancient kings of Egypt were, according to Diodourus Siculus, taken from the most illustrious families of the priesthood in the country; no slave or common person being ever permitted to serve in the presence of the king. As these persons, therefore, were of the most noble families, it is natural to expect they would be put, when accused, into the state prison.

Verse 4. "They continued a season" - µymy yamim, literally days; how long we cannot tell. But many suppose the word signifies a complete year; and as Pharaoh called them to an account on his birthday, ver. 20, Calmet supposes they had offended on the preceding birthday, and thus had been one whole year in prison.

Verse 5. "Each man according to the interpretation" - Not like dreams in general, the disordered workings of the mind, the consequence of disease or repletion; these were dreams that had an interpretation, that is, that were prophetic.

Verse 6. "They were sad." - They concluded that their dreams portended something of great importance, but they could not tell what.

Verse 8. "There is no interpreter" - They either had access to none, or those to whom they applied could give them no consistent, satisfactory meaning.

"Do not interpretations belong to God?" - God alone, the Supreme Being, knows what is in futurity; and if he have sent a significant dream, he alone can give the solution.

Verse 11. "And I took the grapes and pressed them into Pharaoh's cup" - From this we find that wine anciently was the mere expressed juice of the grape, without fermentation. The saky, or cup-bearer, took the bunch, pressed the juice into the cup, and instantly delivered it into the hands of his master. This was anciently the yy yain of the Hebrews, the oinov of the Greeks, and the mustum of the ancient Latins.

Verse 12. "The three branches are three days" - That is, The three branches signify three days; so, this IS my body, that is, this bread signifies or represents my body; this cup IS my blood, REPRESENTS my blood; a form of speech frequently used in the sacred writings, for the Hebrew has no proper word by which our terms signifies, represents, &c., are expressed; therefore it says such a thing IS, for represents, points out, &c. And because several of our ancestors would understand such words in their true, genuine, critical, and sole meaning, Queen Mary, Bishops Gardiner, Bonner, and the rest of that demoniacal crew, reduced them to ashes in Smithfield and elsewhere!

Verse 14. "Make mention of me unto Pharaoh" - One would have supposed that the very circumstance of his restoration, according to the prediction of Joseph, would have almost necessarily prevented him from forgetting so extraordinary a person. But what have mere courtiers to do either with gratitude or kindness?

Verse 15. "For indeed I was stolen" - ytbng bng gunnob gunnobti, stolen, I have been stolen- most assuredly I was stolen; and here also have I done nothing. These were simple assertions, into the proof of which he was ready to enter if called on.

Verse 19. "Lift up thy head from off thee" - Thus we find that beheading, hanging, and gibbeting, were modes of punishment among the ancient Egyptians; but the criminal was beheaded before he was hanged, and then either hanged on hooks, or by the hands. See Lam. v. 12.

Verse 20. "Pharaoh's birthday" - The distinguishing a birthday by a feast appears from this place to have been a very ancient custom. It probably had its origin from a correct notion of the immortality of the soul, as the commencement of life must appear of great consequence to that person who believed he was to live for ever. St. Matthew (Matt. xiv. 6) mentions Herod's keeping his birthday; and examples of this kind are frequent to the present time in most nations.

"Lifted up the head of the chief butler, &c." - By lifting up the head, probably no more is meant than bringing them to trial, tantamount to what was done by Jezebel and the nobles of Israel to Naboth: Set Naboth on high among the people; and set two men, sons of Belial, to bear witness against him, &c.; 1 Kings xxi. 9, &c. The issue of the trial was, the baker alone was found guilty and hanged; and the butler, being acquitted, was restored to his office.