TEXT: BIB   |   AUDIO: MISLR - DAVIS   |   VIDEO: BIB - COMM

HELPS: KJS - KJV - ASV - DBY - DOU - WBS - YLT - ORIG - BBE - WEB - NAS - SEV - TSK - CRK - WES - MHC - GILL - JFB

CHAPTER XXI

Manasseh succeeds his father Hezekiah, reigns fifty-five years, and fills Jerusalem and the whole land with abominable idolatry and murder, 1-9. God denounces the heaviest judgments against him and the land, 10-15. Manasseh's acts and death, 16-18. Amon his son succeeds him, and reigns two years; is equally profligate with his father; is slain by his servants, and buried in the garden of Uzza; and Josiah his son reigns in his stead, 19-26.

NOTES ON CHAP. XXI

Verse 1. "Manasseh was twelve years old" - He was born about three years after his father's miraculous cure; he was carried captive to Babylon, repented, was restored to his kingdom, put down idolatry, and died at the age of sixty- seven years See 2 Chron. xxxiii. 1-20.

Verse 2. "After the abominations of the heathen" - He exactly copied the conduct of those nations which God had cast out of that land.

Verse 3. "Made a grove" - He made Asherah, the Babylonian Melitta or Roman Venus. See chap. xvii. 10, and the observations at the end of that chapter; and see here on ver. 7.

"Worshipped all the host of heaven" - All the stars and planets, but particularly the sun and the moon.

Verse 4. "Built altars" - He placed idolatrous altars even in the temple.

Verse 6. "Made his son pass through the fire" - Consecrated him to Moloch.

"Observed times" - nw[w veonen; he practiced divination by the clouds; by observing their course at particular times, their different kinds, contrary directions, &c., &c.

"Used enchantments" - Ťjnw venichesh; he used incantations, spells, and charms.

"Dealt with familiar spirits" - bwa hŤ[w veasah ob; he was a necromancer; was a raiser of spirits, whom he endeavoured to press into his service; he had a Python.

"And wizards" - µyn[dyw veyiddeonim; the knowing ones, the white witches, and such like; see on Lev. xix. 26-31, where most of these terms are particularly explained and illustrated.

Verse 7. "He set a graven image of the grove that he had made in the house" - Every one may see that Asherah here must signify an idol, and not a grove; and for the proof of this see the observations at the end of the chapter.

Verse 8. "Neither will I make the feet of Israel" - Had they been faithful to God's testimonies they never had gone into captivity, and should even at this day have been in possession of the promised land.

Verse 9. "Seduced them to do more evil" - He did all he could to pervert the national character, and totally destroy the worship of the true God; and he succeeded.

Verse 10. "The Lord spake by-the prophets" - The prophets were Hosea, Joel, Nahum, Habakkuk, and Isaiah. These five following verses contain the sum of what these prophets spoke. It is said that Isaiah not only prophesied in those days, but also that he was put to death by Manasseh, being sawn asunder by a wooden saw.

Verse 12. "Both his ears shall tingle." - hnlxt titstsalnah; something expressive of the sound in what we call, from the same sensation, the tingling of the ears. This is the consequence of having the ears suddenly pierced with a loud and shrill noise; the ears seem to ring for some time after. The prophets spoke to them vehemently, so that the sound seemed to be continued even when they had left off speaking. This was a faithful and solemn testimony.

Verse 13. "The line of Samaria" - I will treat Jerusalem as I have treated Samaria. Samaria was taken, pillaged, ruined, and its inhabitants led into captivity; Jerusalem shall have the same measure.

"And the plummet of the house of Ahab" - The house of Ahab was totally destroyed, and not a man of his race left to sit upon the throne of Israel: so shall it be done to the house or royal family of Judah; they shall be all finally destroyed, and not a man of their race shall any more sit on the throne of Judah; nor shall Judah have a throne to sit on. Thus Jerusalem shall have the same weight as well as the same measure as Samaria, because it has copied all the abominations which brought that kingdom to total destruction.

"I will wipe Jerusalem as a man wipeth a dish" - The Vulgate translates this clause as follows: Delebo Jerusalem, sicut deleri solent tabulae; "I will blot out Jerusalem as tablets are wont to be blotted out." This is a metaphor taken from the ancient method of writing: they traced their letters with a stile on boards thinly spread over with wax; for this purpose one end of the stile was sharp, the other end blunt and smooth, with which they could rub out what they had written, and so smooth the place and spread back the wax, as to render it capable of receiving any other word. Thus the Lord had written down Jerusalem, never intending that its name or its memorial should be blotted out. It was written down The Holy City, The City of the Great King; but now God turns the stile and blots this out; and the Holy Jerusalem, the City of the Great King, is no longer to be found! This double use of the stile is pointed out in this ancient enigma:-

Deuteronomy summo planus; sed non ego planus in imo: Versor utrinque manu, diverso et munere fungor: Altera pars revocat, quicquid pars altera fecit.

"I am flat at the top, but sharp at the bottom; I turn either end, and perform a double function: One end destroys what the other end has made." But the idea of emptying out and wiping a dish expresses the same meaning equally well. Jerusalem shall be emptied of all its wealth, and of all its inhabitants, as truly as a dish turned up is emptied of all its contents; and it shall be turned upside down, never to be filled again. This is true from that time to the present hour. Jerusalem is the dish turned upside down, the tablet blotted out to the present day! How great are God's mercies! and how terrible his judgments!

Verse 14. "I will forsake the remnant of mine inheritance" - One part (the ten tribes) was already forsaken, and carried into captivity; the remnant (the tribe of Judah) was now about to be forsaken.

Verse 16. "Shed innocent blood very much" - Like the deities he worshipped, he was fierce and cruel; an unprincipled, merciless tyrant: he slew innocent people and God's prophets.

Verse 17. "Now the rest of the acts" - In 2 Chron. xxxiii. 11, &c., we read that the Assyrians took Manasseh, bound him with fetters, and took him to Babylon; that there he repented, sought God, and was, we are not told how, restored to his kingdom; that he fortified the city of David, destroyed idolatry, restored the worship of the true God, and died in peace.

In 2 Chron. xxxiii. 18, 19, His prayer unto God is particularly mentioned.

What is called his prayer, is found in the Apocrypha, just before the first book of the Maccabees. There are some good sentiments in it; but whether it be that which was made by Manasseh is more than can be proved. Even the Romish Church have not received it among the canonical books.

"Are they not written" - There are several particulars referred to here, and in 2 Chron. xxxiii. 11-19, which are not found in any chronicles or books which now remain, and what the books of the seers were, mentioned in Chronicles, we cannot tell.

Verse 18. "In the garden of his own house" - It was probably a burying-place made for his own family, for Amon his son is said to be buried in the same place, ver. 26.

Verse 19. "He reigned two years in Jerusalem." - The remark of the rabbins is not wholly without foundation, that the sons of those kings who were idolaters, and who succeeded their fathers, seldom reigned more than two years. So Nadab, the son of Jeroboam, 1 Kings xv. 25; Elah, the son of Baasha, 1 Kings xvi. 8; Ahaziah, the son of Ahab, 1 Kings xxii. 51; and Amon, the son of Manasseh, as mentioned here, ver. 19.

Verse 23. "The servants of Amon conspired" - What their reason was for slaying their king we cannot tell. It does not seem to have been a popular act, for the people of the land rose up and slew the regicides. We hear enough of this man when we hear that he was as bad as his father was in the beginning of his reign, but did not copy his father's repentance.

Verse 26. "The garden of Uzza" - The family sepulcher or burying-place.

It is said ver. 3, 7, that "Manasseh made a grove; and he set a graven image of the grove," &c. hŤ[ rŤa hrŤah lsp ta µŤyw vaiyasem eth pesel haasherah, asher asah: "And he put the graven image of Asherah, which he had made," into the house.

Asherah, which we translate grove, is undoubtedly the name of an idol; and probably of one which was carved out of wood.

R. S. Jarchi, on Gen. xii. 3, says, "that hrŤa asherah means a tree which was worshipped by the Gentiles;" like as the oak was worshipped by the ancient Druids in Britain.

Castel, in Lex. Hept. sub voce rŤa , defines hrŤa asherah thus, Simulacrum ligneum Astartae dicatum; "A wooden image dedicated to Astrate or Venus." The Septuagint render the words by alsov; and Flamminius Nobilis, on chap. xxiii. 4, says Rursus notat Theodouretus to alsov esse Astartem et Venerem, et ab aliis interpretibus dictum Ashatroth; i.e. "Again Theodouret observes, alsov is Astarte and Venus; and by other interpreters called Ashtaroth." The Targum of Ben Uzziel, on Deut. vii. 5, w[dgt µhryŤaw vaasheyrehem tegaddeun; i.e., "Their groves shall ye cut down" -translates the place thus, wxxqt whydgys ynlyaw veilaney sigedeyhon tekatsetsun; "And the oaks of their adoration shall ye cut down." From the above it is pretty evident that idols, not groves, are generally intended where hrŤa asherah and its derivatives are used.

Here follow proofs:-

In chap. xxiii. 6, it is said that "Josiah brought out the grove from the house of the Lord." This translation seems very absurd; for what grove could there be in the temple? There was none planted there, nor was there room for any. The plain meaning of ta axyw hwhy tybm hrŤh vaiyotse eth haasherah mibbeyth Jehovah, is, "And he brought out the (goddess) Asherah from the house of the Lord, and burnt it," &c.

That this is the true meaning of the place appears farther from 2 Kings xxiii. 7, where it is said, "He broke down the houses of the sodomites," ( µyŤdqh hakkedeshim, of the whoremongers,) "where the women wove hangings for the grove" ( hrŤal µytb bottim laasherah, "houses or shrines for Asherah.") Similar perhaps to those which the silversmiths made for Diana, Acts xix. 24. It is rather absurd to suppose that the women were employed in making curtains to encompass a grove.

The Syriac and Arabic versions countenance the interpretation I have given above. In chap. xxiii. 6, the former says, "He cast out the idol, dechlotho, from the house of the Lord;" and in 2 Kings xxiii. 7: "He threw down the houses, dazoine, of the prostitutes; and the women who wove garments, ledechlotho, for the idols which were there." The Arabic is exactly the same.

From the whole it is evident that Asherah was no other than Venus; the nature of whose worship is plain enough from the mention of whoremongers and prostitutes.