Raamah (“trembling” ) Fourth son of Cush ( Genesis 10:7). Settled on the Persian Gulf (probably where we find Sheba, on the island Bahreyn), and renowned in Ezekiel’s time as trading with Tyre ( Ezekiel 27:22) in spices, precious stones and gold.

Raamiah A chief who returned from captivity ( Nehemiah 7:7).

Raamses ( Exodus 1:10). Rabbah (“greatness” ) Several places of this name. 1. ( Deuteronomy 3:11). A very strong place east of Jordan; almost the only city of the Ammonites. This may have been the city of the Zuzims, in Ham ( Genesis 14:5). The sarcophagus of the giant Og was here ( Deuteronomy 3:11). The extensive ruins of Rabbah, now called Amman, are found on both sides of a perennial stream, the banks and bed also being paved through the city, about 19 miles southeast of Es Salt, and 22 miles from the Jordan, in a long valley, a branch of the Wady Zerka. The theatre is very large and well preserved. Roman and Christian buildings are also found. Some of the columns are five feet in diameter. Ezekiel’s prophesy is literally fulfilled, and the place has become a stable for camels and a couching place for flocks ( Ezekiel 25:5). David took the city by his general, Joab, when Uriah the Hittite was killed (2 Samuel 11). It was named Philadelphia by Ptolemy Philadelphus, B.C. 250. Coins of this city are extant, bearing the figure of Astarte. The Christian Church is still in excellent preservation. 2. The city of was also called Rabbath Moab. 3. A city of Judah ( Joshua 15:60). Lost. 4. In Joshua 11:8, Zidon is called Zidon Rabbah, translated great Zidon.

Rabbath Of the children of Ammon ( Deuteronomy 3:11). Rabbi (“my master” ) A title of respect which the Jews gave to their teachers and physicians, and especially to our Lord ( Matthew 23:7,8). .

Rabbith (“multitude” ), ( Joshua 19:20 ). Issachar. Lost. Rabboni (“great master” ), ( John 20:16 ). .

Rabmag (“chief priest” ) A title borne by the king, ( Jeremiah 39:3,13).

Rabsaces (Ecclesiasticus 48:18).

Rabsaris 1. An officer of the king of Assyria ( 2 Kings 18:17). 2. A prince who was present at the capture of Jerusalem, B.C. ( Jeremiah 39:3-13).

Rabsha-keh (“chief cup-bearer” ) An officer of the king of Assyria sent against Jerusalem (2 Kings 18; Kings 19). Raca Aramaic: reyka, “worthless”. A term of contempt used by the Jews in Christ’s time ( Matthew 5:22).

Race . Rachab the harlot ( Matthew 1:5). Rachal (“traffic” ), ( 1 Samuel 30:29). South, in Judah. “Haunted” by David. Lost. Rachel (“a ewe” ) The youngest daughter of , wife of , mother of and . The history of Rachel may be found in Genesis 29; Genesis 33; Genesis 35. . The so-called tomb of Rachel is about half a mile from Bethlehem, near the Jerusalem road.

Raddai (“treading down” ) Brother of David, and son of Jesse ( 1 Chronicles 2:14).

Ragau ( Judges 1:5,15 ). ? 1. Mountains of Ragau. 2. in the line of ( 2 Kings 3:35). Rages (Tobit 1:14; 5:5; Judges 1:5 ). In Media, five miles southeast of the modern Teheran. Mentioned in the ancient inscriptions of Darius. The Zendavesta records that the earliest settlement of the Aryans” in Media was in this city, and district of the same name. It was near the celebrated Caspian Gates, which guarded the great highway between India, Bactria, etc., to Media. The ruins cover a space of 13,500 feet long, by 10,500 feet broad. The walls were of great thickness, and flanked by towers, and there are immense heaps of ruins. The modern city, Teheran, was built from the ancient ruins, which are now called Rhey.

Raguel (“friend of God” ) 1. A prince-priest of Midian, father of ( Exodus 2:18,21). 2. A pious Jew, father of Sara (Tobit 3:7,17). Rahab (“broad” ) A woman of Jericho, who entertained the spies sent by Joshua, and was saved, with her family, when the city was destroyed ( Joshua 2:1-21). She became the wife of Salmon, a prince of Judah ( Ruth 4:21), and so a mother in the royal line of David and of Jesus. Rahab ( Psalm 87:4 ). A poetical name for Egypt. The word in Hebrew means fierceness, insolence, pride.

Raham (“womb” ) Son of Shema ( 1 Chronicles 2:44).

Rahel (RACHEL ), ( Jeremiah 31:15 ). Raiment .

Rain (Hebrew: MALKOSH, violent rain ). The “early” and the “latter” rain of Palestine is mentioned in Deuteronomy 11:14. . Rainbow (Hebrew: KESHETH ), ( Genesis 9:13-16). The token of the .

Raising from the Dead .

Raisin Rakem Son of Sheresh ( 1 Chronicles 7:16).

Rakkath (“shore” ) ( Joshua 19:35). A fortified city in Naphtali, near Hammath and Chinnereth. There is a Kerak near the outlet of Jordan, from the sea of Galilee, which may mark the site.

Rakkon (“thinness” ) ( Joshua 19:46). Near Joppa. Me-jarkon? Lost.

Ram ( 1 ) (“high” ) 1. Son of Hezron ( Ruth 4:19). 2. Firstborn of Jehrahmeel ( Ruth 2:25,27). 3. Son of Barachel ( Job 32:2).

Ram ( 2 ) (Hebrew: AYIL ). Male sheep ( Ezra 6:9,17).

Ram, Battering (CAR ). .

Rama ( Matthew 2:18 ). ( Jeremiah 31:15;). A city in Mount Ephraim, or Benjamin. Matthew refers to the ancient massacre, and also at the same time to that of the innocents of Bethlehem. The name Ramah forms a part of several names, and means height. 1. In Benjamin ( Joshua 18:25). Five miles north of Jerusalem, near Geba. The palm tree of Deborah ( Judges 4:5) was near it, in a valley toward Bethel. It is now a poor village in the midst of columns, hewn stones, and other ruins of antiquity. Cirama (1 Esdras 5:20). 2. In Mount Ephraim ( 1 Samuel 1:1). The home of Elkanah, Samuel’s father; the birthplace of Samuel, his home and official residence, the station of his altar, and where he was buried ( 1 Samuel 15:1). Supposed by some to be the same as the first, in Benj. 3. ( Joshua 19:29). Boundary of Asher, one mile northeast of Ras el Ain, two and a half southeast of Tyre. There is another Rameh, ten miles southeast of Tyre. 4. In Naphtali ( Joshua 5:39), one of the fortified cities, seven miles southeast of Safed on the way to Acre, on a lofty hill commanding one of the finest views in Palestine. 5. ( 2 Kings 8:29; 2 Chronicles 22:6). 6. Ramleh ( Nehemiah 11:33), near Joppa.

Ramath Lehi ( Judges 15:17 ). Where Samson slew 1,000 men with a jawbone, and named the place Wielding of the Jawbone.

Ramath Mizpeh (“high place of the watch tower” ) ( Joshua 13:26). Boundary of Gad. Where Jacob and Laban set up a monument of stones. Lost. Dr. Eli Smith found many names of places on the east of Jordan, which, when more carefully examined and their sites explored, may result in settling many points of topography in that region now wholly uncertain. The Palestine Exploration has made several discoveries, and added much to our knowledge of this region, and are still at work.

Ramath of the South ( Joshua 19:8 ). In Simeon, in the extreme south. Baalath Beer? South Ramorb ( Samuel 30:27), or Ramoth Negeb. Lost.

Ramathaim Zophim (“the double eminence” ) ( 1 Samuel 1:1). Supposed to have been south of Jerusalem. The same as Ramah 2?

Ramathem Error in 1 Macc. 11:34, for .

Ramathite, the Native of . Shimei had charge of the royal vineyards of King David ( 1 Chronicles 27:27).

Rameses, Raamses ( Genesis 47:11 ). The land of Goshen. A city in the same land, enlarged and fortified by the Jews ( Exodus 1:11; 12:37). There were (and now are) other places of this name in Egypt. Abu Kesheyd, a modern village, has an antique monolith, on which is carved a group, Rameses II, between Tum and Ra. Ramiah (“Jah hath set” ) Son of ( Ezra 10:25).

Ramoth ( 1 ) (“heights” ) ( 1 Chronicles 6:73). . ? ?

Ramoth ( 2 ) (“heights” ) A layman ( Ezra 10:29).

Ramoth in Gilead ( Deuteronomy 4:43; Joshua 20:8 ). Now Es Salt. The site is on a high and picturesque hill, almost surrounded by deep ravines, and encompassed by mountains. Jebel Osha, the highest peak of Gilead, is only two miles north. Vineyards and olive-groves beautify and enrich the place; the ruins are not extensive, being a square castle with towers, and a moat, on the height, and a great number of tombs and grottos in the ravines.

Ram’s skins, dyed red Were presented, by the Israelites, as offerings for the making of the Tabernacle. ( Exodus 25:5). They served for the inner coverings.

Ranges for pots ( Leviticus 11:35 ).

Rack or bed for holding the egg-shaped-bottom earthern jars (pots), which will not stand alone. Ransom 1. (Hebrew: KOFER “a cover”), ( Exodus 31:12). 2. (Hebrew: PIDYON ), ( Exodus 21:30). . Greek: lutron , “a ransom” ( Matthew 20:28).

Rapha (“tall” ) 1. A giant, and father of a family of tall men ( 2 Samuel 21:16 ff). 2. A descendant of Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 8:2). 3. Son of Binea ( 1 Chronicles 8:37).

Raphael (“the divine healer” ) One of the seven holy angels (Tobit 12:15).

Raphaim Ancestor of Judith ( Judges 8:1).

Raphon (1 Macc. 1:37 ).

Raphana (?), one of the Decapolis. Er Rafe?

Raphu (“healed” ) Father of Palti ( Numbers 13:9).

Rassus, Children of A nation whose country was ravaged by Holofernes ( Judges 2:23).

Rathumus The story-writer (1 Esdras 2:16,17,25,30). Raven (Hebrew: OREB ). A bird similar to the crow, but larger. It feeds on dead bodies ( Proverbs 30:17). It drives away its young as soon as they can shift for themselves ( Job 38:41). Elijah was fed by ravens ( 1 Kings 17:6). The raven was sent from the Ark on the subsiding of the waters ( Genesis 8:7).

Razis (“destruction” ) An elder of Jerusalem, who killed himself rather than fall into the hands of the wicked (2 Macc. 14:37-46). This is the only instance of a suicide in the whole range of Jewish history, unless the cases of Samson and Saul are so considered.

Razor The razor was very little used by the Jews ( Numbers 6:9,18). Reaia Son of Micah ( 1 Chronicles 5:5).

Reaiah (“whom Jah cares for” ) 1. Son of Shobal ( 1 Chronicles 4:2). 2. Ancestor of Nethinim, who returned from captivity ( Ezra 2:47).

Reba (“fourth part” ) A king of the Midianites ( Numbers 31:8). Rebekah (“ensnarer”) Daughter of ( Genesis 22:23). Sister of married to . There is a beautiful and touching incident of “Rebekah at the well.” This bright little picture, with its conclusion, comprises all the circumstances of a perfect marriage. The sanction of parents, the favor of God, the domestic habits of the wife, her beauty, kindness, modest consent, and her successful hold on her husband’s love (even in the same tent with her mother-in-law). The account in Genesis gives many allusions to manners and customs, purely Oriental and strictly peculiar to the Hebrews as distinct from the people around them. The drawing of water at the well by women, the very mode of carrying the pitcher on her shoulder instead of on the head, as other people do; her manner of giving drink from the pitcher on her hand; her respectful request, “Drink, my lord,” and finally her watering the camels in the trough — all are true in every particular, and of Hebrews only. The ornaments she wore, the hospitality offered and given the marriage contract, journey to Canaan, the manner in which she met and saluted, her betrothed husband, all indicate the minute truth and accuracy of the Bible text. Rebekah was buried in Machpelah, where she is still honored with a tomb near her husband’s.

Rechab (“horseman” ) 1. Ancestor of Jehonadab ( 2 Kings 10:15,23). 2. Captain of bands in the service of Ishbosheth ( 2 Samuel 4:2). 3. Father of Malchiah ( Nehemiah 3:14).

Rechabites (descendants of ). Ancestor of ( 1 Chronicles 2:55). .

Rechah (“side” ) The founder of Ir-nahash ( 1 Chronicles 4:12).

Recorder (Hebrew: MAZCIR ). An officer of high rank of the privy council ( 2 Samuel 8:16).

Redeemer (Hebrew: GOEL ). One who redeems a field by paying back what it had been sold for; this right belonged to the nearest kinsman ( Leviticus 25:25,26); often applied to God as the redeemer of men, and especially Israel ( Job 19:25).

Redeemer, Jesus, the ( Galatians 3:13; 4:5 ).

Redemption 1. Hebrew: GEULLAH the redemption or repurchase of a field ( Leviticus 25:24,51,52). 2. Hebrew: PEDUTH , PIDYOM , PIDYON , “ransom” ( Numbers 3:49; Psalm 49:8). 3. Greek: apolutrosis , “letting off for a ransom” ( 2 Kings 21:28). 4. Greek: lustrosis , deliverance ( 2 Kings 2:38). Red Heifer . Red Sea ( Numbers 21:14 ). Called the sea, in Exodus 14:2,9,16, etc. The Gulf of Suez in the Exodus, and also the Gulf of Akabah later in the wandering. Called the Sea of Suph in Exodus 10:19, that is, the sea of reeds, or flags. A seaweed resembling wool (in whiteness) is thrown up in great quantities on the shores of the Red Sea (Diodorus iii. 19). The same word was used to name the weeds, or reeds, in which Moses was laid when an infant ( Exodus 2:3). It is thought the papyrus was meant. The Abyssinians now use papyrus boats. It is supposed that “the tongue of the Egyptian Sea,” the head of the Suez Gulf, has dried up, as predicted by Isaiah ( Isaiah 11:15; 19:5), for a distance of 50 miles. The ancient head would have been at Aboo Kesheyd, which has been identified with the ancient Hero. Necho’s canal, which was wide enough for two triremes to row abreast (Herodotus ii. 158), once led from the gulf to the Nile, but it is now filled with sand. The Suez canal, just opened, leads to the Mediterranean. The sea is nearly 1,400 miles long by 100 to 200 miles in its widest part. The deepest water is 6,324 feet, in latitude 22 degrees 30 minutes. It is filled with coral and other rocks and rocky islands for 40 or 50 miles on each side, leaving a narrow and dangerous channel, which is narrowest opposite El Medeenah. The Suez Gulf is 130 miles long and 18 miles wide. The Akabah Gulf is 100 miles long by 15 miles wide. This is a continuation of the Arabah, and is bordered on both sides by steep and high mountains — Sinai on the west, and the spurs of Mount Seir, Edom, on the east, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet high, the highest being to the south. The island of Graia, fortified by the crusaders, lies near the west shore, not far from the north end. The ruins of walls, castles, a church, etc., mostly of the middle ages, cover the whole rocky area. The straits at the south end of the sea are called Bab el Mandeb (Gate of Tears), from the many shipwrecks which have happened after passing them, either way. Reed .

Reelaiah (“Jah makes tremble” ) One who went with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:2).

Reelius (1 Esdras 5:8 ). .

Reesaias (1 Esdras 5:8).

Refiner (Hebrew: ZOREF MEZAREF).

Refining being the separation of the pure metal from the dross, by means of fire, suggested an apt subject for illustration, as in Isaiah 1:25; Zechariah 13:9; Malachi 3:2,3. A full, figurative allusion to the refiner’s process is in Jeremiah 6:29,30. . Refuge, Cities of Six out of the 48 Levitical cities were set apart as a refuge for anyone who should accidentally kill another, to stay there until the death of the high priest ( Numbers 35:6,13,15; Joshua 20:2,7,9). There were three on each side of Jordan. On the east side were Bezer, Ramoth in Gilead, and Golan, and on the west side were Kedesh in Galilee, Shechem, and Hebron. The right of asylum of many cities, in ancient classic nations, and of sanctuary in Christian countries (the privilege of many churches in the Middle Ages especially), are parallel, and show the wisdom of the lawmakers, in providing a means of abating the evils of the system of bloodrevenge, which are peculiarly Oriental, and very wasteful of human life. Moses abolished the custom of allowing money to be paid as a compensation for a human life, as was the case in Athens and many eastern countries, and is now among the Arabs. The cities are each described under their respective names.

Regem (“friend”) Son of Jahdai ( 1 Chronicles 2:47).

Regem Melech (“friend of the king”) He, with Sherezer, was sent on behalf of some of the Captivity, to make inquiries at the Temple concerning fasting ( Zechariah 7:2). Regeneration (“born again”) Birth into new spiritual life ( John 3:3), and thus becoming a new creature ( 2 Corinthians 5:17), and being made partakers of the Divine Nature ( 2 Peter 1:4) by means of the Holy Spirit ( John 3:4). “The washing of regeneration” alludes to the purifying by the Holy Spirit ( Titus 3:5). The especial work of the Holy Spirit in restoring man to the original image of God. Region 1. (Hebrew: HEBREL “a rope”), ( Deuteronomy 3:4,13). Once translated “the country of Argob” ( Deuteronomy 3:14). Coast, in Zephaniah 2:5-7. 2. NOPHAH (“height”). The region of Dor ( 1 Kings 4:11). 3. Greek: klima , climate ( 2 Corinthians 11:10). 4. Greek: chora , country ( Matthew 2:12). Region round about, the (Greek: he perichords ). The populous and flourishing country which contained , in the Jordan valley, enclosed by the hills of Quarantana ( Mark 6:55).

Rehabiah (“whom Jah enlarges” ) Son of Eliezer ( 1 Chronicles 22:17).

Rehob ( 1 ) (“room” ) 1. Father of Hadadezer, king of Zobah ( 2 Samuel 8:3,12). 2. A Levite, who sealed the covenant ( Nehemiah 10:11).

Rehob ( 2 ) Several of this name: 1. The northern limit of the exploration of the spies ( Numbers 13:21). Toward Hamath. Dan was “by Beth-rehob.” Ruhaibeh 25 miles northeast of Damascus has been offered as the locality. Dr. Robinson favored Hunin, a village and castle west of Paneas. 2. In Asher ( Joshua 19:28), near Zidon. 3. Another in Asher, not identified.

Rehoboam (“he enlarges the people” ) The son of Solomon, by the Ammonite princess Naamah ( 1 Kings 14:21,31), whom he succeeded. By neglecting his father’s counselors he hastened the division of the tribes which had been restrained by the government of Solomon. Instead of forcing submission by military means, Rehoboam was advised by Shemaiah to fortify the cities against the Egyptians ( 2 Chronicles 11:6-10). But resistance was useless against Shishak, king of Egypt, who, after having forced the protecting line of fortresses, marched upon Jerusalem, and Rehoboam had to purchase his release by giving up the treasure accumulated by Solomon, including the golden shields. After this calamity he reigned peacefully. He was on the throne seventeen years.

Rehoboth (“room” ) 1. A well dug by Isaac ( Genesis 26:22). The wells, Sitnah, Esek and Rehoboth, were west or southwest of Beersheba. Wady Ruhaibeh is miles southwest of Beersheba, and is claimed as the place by Dr. Bonar (Desert of Sinai, 316). 2. Rehoboth by the River ( Genesis 36:37). On the Euphrates, just below the Khabur, stands Rahabah, in the midst of extensive ancient ruins. 3. One of the four built by Nimrod. As the name means in our tongue, “to be wide,” or “spacious,” or “streets,” the passage in Genesis 10:11,12, may describe one city, Nineveh, which was spacious, and had several quarters, as Resen, Calah, altogether forming “a great city.”

Rehum (“compassionate” ) 1. One who returned from captivity ( Ezra 2:2). . 2. One of those who wrote to Artaxerxes to stop the rebuilding of the Temple ( Ezra 4:8,9,17,23). 3. A Levite, who rebuilt the wall ( Nehemiah 3:17). 4. A chief who sealed the covenant ( Nehemiah 10:25). 5. Head of a priestly house ( Nehemiah 12:3).

Rei (“friendly” ) A person mentioned as loyal to David, during the rebellion ( 1 Kings 1:8).

Reins (Greek: renes, “kidneys” ) 1. (Hebrew: KELAYOTH ) In ancient physiology the kidneys are believed to be the seat of desire, and are often coupled with the heart ( Psalm 7:9). 2. (Hebrew: HALATSAYIM loins, Genesis 35:11; Greek: nephros , Revelation 2:23).

Rekem ( 1 ) (Hebrew: “flower-garden” ) 1. One of the kings of Midian ( Numbers 31:8). 2. Son of Hebron ( 1 Chronicles 2:43,44).

Rekem ( 2 ) ( Joshua 18:27 ). Ain Kareln, west of Jerusalem?

Remaliah (“Jah decks” ) Father of king of Israel ( 2 Kings 15:25,37).

Remeth (“height” ) ( Joshua 19:21). Wezar (Arabic for height), a ruin on a hill five miles north of Jenin, at the foot of Mount Gilboa.

Remmon ( Joshua 19:7 ). In Simeon. .

Remmon Methoar (“Rimmon, which reaches” ) ( Joshua 19:13.) Zebulun, six miles north of Nazareth.

Remphan An error for (in Acts 7:48, from Amos 5:26). The Hebrew name of the Greek god Saturn. . Saturn was a king of Latium, and was, after his death, deified, and worshiped as the god of agriculture (Greek: sotot , planter).

Rending, Rent ; .

Repentance (Hebrew: NOHAM ). ( Hosea 13:14). (Greek: metanoia, “change of purpose”), ( Hebrews 12:17). — (Greek: ametameletos, “unchangeable”), ( Romans 11:29). A change of mind, with sorrow for something done, and a wish that it was undone ( Matthew 27:3). Esau found no repentance in his father (Hebrews 41:17). God is sometimes said to repent of something he had done ( Genesis 6:6). The true Gospel repentance is sorrow for sin ( Matthew 4:17).

Rephael (“God heals” ) Son of Shemaiah ( 1 Chronicles 26:7).

Rephah (“riches” ) Son of Ephraim ( 1 Chronicles 7:25).

Rephaiah (“whom Jah healed” ) 1. His sons are among the descendants of Zerubbabel ( 1 Chronicles 3:21). 2. A Simeonite chief ( 1 Chronicles 4:42). 3. Son of Tola ( 1 Chronicles 7:4). 4. Son of Binea ( 1 Chronicles 9:43). 5. Son of; Hur and ruler of the half-part of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 3:9).

Rephaim (Hebrew: REPHAIM ). .

Rephaim, the Valley of (“valley of the stretched = giants” ) On the south of a hill which borders the valley of Hinnom, on the west. David made it famous on two (or three) distinct occasions ( 2 Samuel 5:18,22; Isaiah 17:5). The very interesting incident related in Samuel 23:13-17, took place on one of these invasions of the Philistines. This valley (or plain) is flat, fertile, is shut in on all sides by rocky hilltops and ridges, and ends to the west of the valley of Roses (Wady el Were).

Rephidim (“rests” or “stays” ) ( Exodus 17:1,8; 19:2). Station of the Exodus, between Egypt and Sinai. The people murmured for water, and Moses smote the rock in Horeb “before the people; and therefore if Horeb and Sinai be located at Jebel Sufsafeh and its vicinity, then Rephidim would be in Wady es Sheikh. . Reprobate (Hebrew: NIMAS “worthless, rejected” ), ( Jeremiah 6:30). Hardened in sin and unbelief ( Romans 1:28).

Resen The ruins called Nimrud, at Mosul, on the Euphrates, are understood to represent the ancient Calah, and those on the opposite side of the river are the remains of Nineveh; and there are remains between the two, at Setamiyeh, which answer to the locality of Resen.

Resh (Hebrew: REYSH ). The twentieth letter of the Hebrew alphabet (Psalm 119). .

Resheph (“flame” ) Son of Ephraim ( 1 Chronicles 7:25).

Resurrection Greek: anastasis , “uprising”; exanastasis , “a rising up out of” ( Philippians 3:11); egersis , “waking up”; “resurrection” in John 11:25; and several other words, or derivatives, are rendered resurrection. The idea is the rising again of the body from death, or its return to life in two senses; (1) of those who have been brought back to this life after death, as Lazarus, the widow’s son of Nain, etc., and (2) of all true Christains, who will be raised in the future world. This is one of the vital points in the Christian’s creed. If there is no resurrection then there is no hope beyond this life. The Old Testament history prefigures the doctrine, in its records of several instances of restoration to life after death, as by Elijah ( 1 Kings 17:21-24), and Elisha ( 2 Kings 4:20,32-36). The vision of the dry bones may be accepted as touching on the general belief, though not a case of practical proof; the translations of Enoch and Elijah cannot argue resurrection, because death did not take place, and they are simply evidence of a continued existence after this life ( Genesis 5:22; 2 Kings 2). The Hebrews believed in an underworld, where the spirits or souls of all who had lived were still living and recognizable, which they called Hell, and did not restrict it to the modern meaning of that word, which is that it is the place of the wicked only. To the Hebrews it was the place where all souls went — or the condition that all souls were in after death and separation from the body ( Psalm 16:10; fulfilled in Acts 2:25-31; 13:35). In Isaiah ( Isaiah 26:19), there is a direct statement of the belief as a prophesy of the restoration of the Jewish nation; as though he founded his argument on a well known and undoubted belief. Daniel ( Daniel 12:1-3), gives exactly the Christian idea of the final resurrection. “Life and immortality” are “brought to light by the gospel.” The New Testament idea is that it is (1) to be universal ( John 5:28,29; 2 Cor.5:10; Revelation 20:13), (2) and that souls will be recognizable; but whether the identity will be from physical or spiritual sources we are not instructed, unless Paul means that it will be spiritual in his argument to the Romans (Romans 6; Romans 8) and to the Corinthians ( 1 Corinthians 15:44), where we may possibly see evidence of a belief in the rising of the identical shapes of our bodies of flesh, but changed into a spiritual substance. (3). The belief in a future life for the saints only and a second death for the impenitent is held by many, who find in the life and works of Jesus, and in Paul and John’s teaching much to confirm this view. (4). It is the work of Jesus that has secured the resurrection and life of all who believe on Him, and His voice will call them from the tomb, who prayed, “Father, I will that they also, whom thou hast given me, may be with me where I am.” (5). The time of the resurrection is not determined. There may be two, or rather two objects or ends to be answered: one being the actual life, which is believed to have been already given to several, whose names are mentioned in the Bible; and the other the great day of judgment. The judgment comes after death, which is the end of the world for each soul, without regard to the whole human race. It does not follow that there will be no judgment until the last soul is born, lives, and dies, for it may be understood as an Orientalism, meaning the end of this life for each soul, what will happen to each soul and all souls, without exception (small and great), who must stand before the great white throne (white — pure — the only perfectly just tribunal). Jesus “the author and finisher of our faith” was “the first fruits of them that slept,” and His was the same body that was crucified, as He convinced Thomas by actual touch, but He did not instruct His disciples what to expect, so it remains a matter of faith for all His followers to expect to be like Him ( 1 John 3:2).

Reu (“friend” ) Son of Peleg ( Genesis 11:18,21). Reuben (REU, “behold”, and BEN, “a son” ) Oldest son of Jacob ( Genesis 29:32), son of Leah. The tribe of Reuben was located, at their own request, on the east side of Jordan, and against the wishes of Moses ( Numbers 32:19).

Reubenite Descendants of ( Numbers 26:7).

Reuel (“friend of God” ) 1. Son of Esau ( Genesis 36:4,10,13,17). 2. One of the names given to Moses’ father-in-law ( Exodus 2:18). 3. Father of Eliasaph ( Numbers 2:14). 4. Ancestor of Elah ( 1 Chronicles 9:8).

Reumah (“raised” ) Second wife of Nahor ( Genesis 22:24).

Revelation Greek: apokalupsis , “unveiling”, or “manifestation”, from God, by dream or vision ( 2 Corinthians 12:1,7).

Revelation of John .

Revenger of Blood is a name given to a man who had the right (and whose duty it was), of taking revenge on him who had killed one of his relations.

Rezeph ( 2 Kings 19:12; Isaiah 37:12 ). A day’s march west of the Euphrates, now called Rasapha. Another is mentioned as near Bagdad.

Rezia (“delight” ) Son of Ulla, a chief ( 1 Chronicles 7:39).

Rezin (“friend” ) 1. King of who united with Pekah, king of Israel, to invade Judah, B.C. 742 ( 2 Kings 15:37). 2. Ancestor of Nethinim who returned from captivity ( Nehemiah 7:50).

Rezon (“prince” ) Son of Eliadah, and the founder of a small kingdom in Syria-Damascus, and a great annoyance to Solomon ( 1 Kings 11:23,25).

Rhegium In Italy, on the straits of Messina, opposite the city of Messina, in Sicily ( Acts 28:13).

Rhesa Father of Joanna in the genealogy of Jesus ( Luke 3:27). Supposed, by some, to be an error, the word meaning “prince,” the title of Zerubbabel.

Rhinoceros (Hebrew: REEM, “wild ox” ) The word is always rendered unicorn. .

Rhoda (“rose” ) A maid, in the house of Mary, who announced Peter’s arrival ( Acts 12:13). Rhodes An island that is 120 miles long, by 36 miles wide, opposite the southwest extremity of Asia Minor, celebrated from remote antiquity for commerce, navigation, literature and the arts; and during the Middle Ages as the residence of the Knights of St. John. Its maritime code was adopted by the Romans. The soil is fertile and the climate delightful. There are two cities: Rhodes (built 482 B.C.), which was celebrated by its having erected over the entrance to its harbor a brass statue of Apollo, 105 feet high (built by Chares of Lindus, B.C. 290, and thrown down by an earthquake, B.C.); and Lindus and a number of villages. Population 30,000. Paul visited the island on his way to Jerusalem ( Acts 21:1).

Rhodocus A Jew who betrayed his countrymen (2 Macc. 13:21).

Rhodus RHODES (1 Macc. 15:33).

Ribai Father of Ittai ( 2 Samuel 23:29).

Riband (Hebrew: PATHIL , Numbers 15:38). , .

Riblah (“fertility” ) In the land of Hamath ( 2 Kings 23:33), on the east side of Ain ( Numbers 34:11). Both places are located in the Orontes valley, miles northeast of Baalbek; Riblah lying on the banks of a mountain stream, in the midst of a vast and fertile plain, Mentioned as Diblath in Ezekiel 6:14. At Riblah, Pharaoh Necho deposed king Jehoahaz (2 Chronicles 36), and Nebuchadnezzar put out the eyes of Zedekiah after killing his sons ( 2 Kings 25:7).

Riddle (Hebrew: HIDAH “intricate” ) Artifice ( Daniel 8:23); a proverb ( Proverbs 1:6); an oracle ( Numbers 12:8); a ( Ezekiel 17:2); in general, any wise or intricate sentence ( Habakkuk 2:6). The queen of Sheba came to ask riddles of ( 1 Kings 10:1). The ancients were fond of riddles. They were generally proposed in verse. The only mention of a riddle in the New Testament is in Revelation 13:16-18. Righteous (Hebrew: ZADDIK; sometimes YASHAR; Greek: dikaios ). One who pursues the right course ( Exodus 9:27). Righteousness (Hebrew: ZEDEK, ZEDAKAH; (Greek: dikaioma ). Holiness, justice, rectitude; an attribute of God only ( Job 36:3; Isaiah 51:5-8; John 17:25). The righteousness of Christ includes His spotless holiness and His perfect obedience to the law while on earth, and His suffering its penalty in our stead. “For the kingdom of God is not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost” ( Romans 14:17).

Right Hand Signifies power; the most efficient member of the body Matthew 5:30). Figuratively the power of the Almighty ( Exodus 15:6; Psalm 21:8); the place of honor ( Psalm 45:9; Matthew 25:34), of special benediction, paternal love, etc. It was raised in act of taking an oath, and of prayer ( Genesis 14:22). The right hand means south in 1 Samuel 23:19, as the left means north, as when facing east. Rimmon ( 1 ) (“pomegranate” ) 1. Zebulon ( 1 Chronicles 6:77), belonging to the Levites, Merari family. 2. Judah, in the extreme south, near Ziklag ( Joshua 15:32); afterward given to Simeon ( Joshua 19:7). Occupied after the return from Babylon ( Nehemiah 11:29). . (mother of pomegranates), is a village and ruin 15 miles southeast of Hebron. Between two hills (both covered with ruins), a mile south of the village, is a large fountain, the chief watering-place in the region. 3. A high rock or hill, ten miles north of Jerusalem and four miles east of Bethel, on which is a modern village. The remnant of the tribe of Benjamin held this rock for four months against their enemies ( Judges 20:47). 4. (“breach”). The second station after Hazeroth, in the Exodus ( Numbers 30:19). Lost. Rimmon ( 2 ) Father of Rechab ( 2 Samuel 4:2,5,9). Rimmon ( 3 ) Correctly (“exalted”) The name of some idol under which the sun was represented ( 2 Kings 5:18) in Damascus.

Ring (TABBAATH, GALIL; Greek: daktulios ). The ring, besides being an ornament, was used as a signet, or sign-manual, when its setting was engraved with some device, with or without the name of the owner, which was recognized as his personal emblem (Nehemiah 10). Such rings or seals were used by all persons in authority, and when stamped upon the parchment, or on a piece of wax or clay attached, stood instead of the name of the person agreeing to the compact. . Several ancient rings have been preserved to the present, among which are the rings of Thothmes III, and of Pharaoh (Suphis): (see the pictures on pages 84, 12.) The Scriptures mention several instances of their use in important business matters, as in Esth. 3:10, where Ahasuerus gives Haman his ring as a badge of supreme authority over the army, and the treasury, for a certain purpose, and in 1 Macc. 6:15, where Antiochus gave Philip his ring as a mark of his appointment as guardian to his son. It was worn on the right hand.

Rinnah (“shout” ) Son of Shimon ( 1 Chronicles 4:20).

Riphath ( Genesis 10:3; 1 Chronicles 1:6 ). A northern people, descended from Gomer. We have several names derived from this source, as, the Riphaean mountains; the river Rhebas in Bithvnia: the Rhibii, a people east of the Caspian; and the Riphaeans, the original Paphlagonians.

Rissah (“worm” ) Station in the wilderness ( Numbers 33:21). Lost.

Rithmah (“broom”, the shrub, “return” ) Desert station ( Numbers 33:18). Lost. River Seven distinct Hebrew words are translated by “river” in our version. By river we mean a large stream of water, flowing summer and winter, and we have names for smaller streams, as, stream, creek, brook, torrent, rill, rivulet, etc. There are such differences in the original Hebrew, which were overlooked in the translation, and it may be interesting to notice them: 1. AUBAL , YUBAL ( Jeremiah 18:8; Daniel 8:2,3,6), “tumult, fulness”. The word used for the deluge is from the same root, and is HAMMABUL (only in Genesis, and Psalm 29:10). 2. NAHAR ( Genesis 2:10; Exodus 7:19, etc.), “to flow”. This means a river, as we use the word. With the definite article HANNAHAR (the river), the Euphrates is meant ( Genesis 31:21; 2 Samuel 10:16, etc.). — Incorrectly rendered “flood” in Joshua 24:2, where the Euphrates is meant; and in Job 14:11, Psalm 66:6, where the Red Sea, or the Jordan, is referred to. The Arab name of river is nahr; now used for all perennial streams. 3. Nakhal , (“to receive”), as, a water-course, therefore, a torrent-bed, common in Palestine, having water only in winter. This is translated “valley” in Genesis 26:17, Numbers 21:12; “brook,” Deuteronomy 2:13; 2 Kings 33:6-12; “river” in Amos 6:14; “streams” in Psalm 78:20; and, in all these cases valley is the true meaning. The modern term is for such valleys as are dry in summer. 4. PELEG (“to flow”, or “division”): “River,” in Psalm 1:3, Isaiah 30:25, Job 20:17; “stream,” in Psalm 46:4; “divisions,” in Judges 5:15,16. The word means, artificial streams for irrigation. 5. APHIK (“force” or “hold”, as, the hank of a river): “River” in Song of Solomon 5:12, Ezekiel 6:3; 31:12, and “streams” in <19C604> Psalm 126:4; in which last passage it refers to the dry water-courses of the Negeb, or South. In 2 Samuel 22:16 it is translated “channels,” and also in Psalm 18:15. 6. YEOR (“the Nile”), a word adopted into the Hebrew from the Egyptian language. This is the word used for the Nile in Genesis and Exodus, and is mistranslated “flood” in Amos 8:8; 9:5. . Two terms were used in the original — differing, as will be seen — both of which are translated “river of Egypt.” 1. NAHAR MITZRAIM ( Genesis 15:18), meaning The Nile (probably before the name YEOR was known to the Hebrews). 2. NAKHAL MITZRAIM ( Numbers 34:5), meaning the dry watercourse of El Arish. The Nile is also called ( Joshua 13:3, etc.). The importance of these corrections is felt, when it is seen that we are able to prove by them that the original Hebrew text was true in every one of its references to the peculiar features of the countries referred to, even in minute particulars. Rizpah (“a coat” ) Second wife of King Saul, memorable for the touching example of maternal affection which she displayed in watching the dead bodies of her sons ( 2 Samuel 3:7; 21:8,10,11).

Roads There were no roads, in ancient times, in the East, only narrow tracks, which we would call bridle paths ( 1 Samuel 27:10). .

Robbery Has ever been one of the principal employments of the Bedouin tribes of the East ( Genesis 16:12). For an instance of a truly Bedouin character, see 1 Samuel 26:6-12.

Roboam (Ecclesiasticus 47:23). Rock (SELA, TSUR ). Rocks were used for fortresses and strongholds. The word denotes a place of security, and, figuratively, a refuge, defense or protection ( Psalm 18:2,31,46). Rod (HOTER, MATTEH, MAKKEL, SHEBET; Greek: rhabdos ). A branch or stick, such as may be used for a whip ( Proverbs 14:3); also a shepherd’s staff ( Exodus 4:2 ff). The badge of authority of a ruler or king ( <19B002> Psalm 110:2). An instrument for punishment or correction ( Proverbs 10:13).

Rodanim ( 1 Chronicles 1:7 ). .

Roe Roebuck (Hebrew: ZEBI masculine, ZEBIYAH “fern”) The Oriental antelope or gazelle. It is about two and a half feet in height, of a reddish brown color, with white feet and belly, has long naked ears, and a short erect tail. The horns are black, about twelve inches long and bent like a lyre. It inhabits Barbary, Egypt, Arabia and Syria, and is about half the size of the fallow-deer. It goes in large flocks; is easily tamed, though very timid; its flesh is considered excellent food ( Deuteronomy 12:15,22).

Rogel (“fuller” ) ( 1 Kings 1:9). .

Rogelim (“feet” ) The residence of Barzillai, the Gileadite ( 2 Samuel 17:27). East of the Jordan. Lost.

Rohgah (“outcry” ) A chief of the sons of Shamer ( 1 Chronicles 7:34).

Roimus 1 (1 Esdras 5:8). Roll (Hebrew and Aramaic MEGILLAH .)

Romamtiezer (“I have exalted his help”) Son of Heman, and chief in the twenty-fourth division ( 1 Chronicles 25:4,31). Roman An inhabitant of Rome ( John 11:48); also one who had the rights of a citizen of Rome ( Acts 16:37,38). Roman Empire Rome is first mentioned in 1 Macc. 1:10, in connection with Antiochus Epiphanes, who had been a hostage there, and was a “wicked root.” Pompey made Syria a Roman province, B.C. 65, and took Jerusalem two years later (Antiquities xiv. 2, 3, 4; Wars i. 6, 7). Herod was made the first king under Roman rule by Antony, B.C. 40, and was confirmed by Augustus, B.C. 30. The tribute paid to Caesar (Julius was a fourth part of their agricultural produce in addition to the tithes (Antiquities xiv. 10, 6). After A.D. 6, Judaea was made a province of Syria at the request of the Jews, who were worn out by the cruelties of the Herods, with the capital at Caesarea; Coponius was the first procurator, and Pilate was the fifth. Jesus was crucified during Pilate’s reign (A.D. 25 to 35). The many complaints of the tyranny of Pilate caused him to be ordered to Rome for trial by Vitellius, president of Syria; but the Emperor Tiberius died before his arrival. (Antiquities xviii. 4, 1-3). Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Eusebius and others say that Pilate made an official report to Tiberius of the crucifixion of Jesus; which account is also mentioned by Chrysostom. Eusebius says that Pilate killed himself, being “wearied with misfortunes,” — perhaps on account of remorse for his conduct in Jerusalem. The Roman empire was but a narrow strip along the shores of the Mediterranean until Pompey added Asia Minor, Syria, and (Antony) Egypt; Caesar conquered Gaul; the generals of Augustus, Spain, and from the Alps to the Danube. Its population in the time of Christ was 85 million. Gibbon says it was 120 millions in the time of Claudius, who appointed Felix procurator (A.D. 52-60). Festus succeeded him, and heard Paul (Acts 25, etc.). Vespasian was sent into Judaea in A.D. 67, with a large army. Nero died in 68, and Vespasian was elected emperor by the legions in Judea. Titus was sent to conduct the war in Judaea by his father A.D. 70, when he took Jerusalem after a siege of four months. Julius Caesar allowed the Jews to live after their own customs, even in Rome; which privileges were confirmed by Augustus, who also respected their Sabbath (Antiquities xiv. 10, 11 19), and exempted them from military service; but Tiberius and Claudius banished them from Rome, as Suetonius says, because they were continually raising disturbances under the impulse of Chrestus — i. e., Christ. All official acts were strictly carried out in the Latin language, even to the remotest limits of the empire, but the people were generally left to use their native tongue. Scholars and the wealthy classes spoke Greek besides Latin, and official edicts were translated into Greek. The inscription that Pilate put on the cross was written in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, the usual custom — Hebrew for the common people, Latin the official language, and Greek the polite language. The prophets mention Rome as the fourth kingdom ( Daniel 2:40; 7:7,17,19; 11:30-40; and Deuteronomy 28:49-57?). The empire proper began with Augustus, at the battle of Actium, B.C. 31, when he became sole master, and ended by the abdication of Augustus, A.D. 476. Rome The City of Rome was founded B.C. 753, on seven hills, fifteen miles from the mouth of the Tiber ( Revelation 17:9). The modern city lies to the northwest of the ancient site, on what was the Campus Martius (Field of Mars), a plain north of the seven hills. It is only mentioned in Maccabees, Acts, Epistle to the Romans, and 2 Timothy. The Jews first settled in Rome after Pompey’s conquests, when the Jewish king, Aristobulus, and his son were led in triumph. At the time of Paul’s visit (after Augustus had “found the city of brick and left it of marble”) the population was one million two hundred thousand (Gibbon) — one-half being slaves, and a large part of the freemen dependent on the rich, and living like paupers on public gratuities. Rome became the greatest repository of architecture, pictures, and sculptures that the world ever saw. The luxury, profligacy, and crime of this age is beyond the descriptive power of letters. It is believed that Paul lived here “two whole years,” in his own hired house, bound by a chain to a soldier, according to the then custom of keeping certain prisoners ( Acts 12:6; 28:16,20,30). Five of Paul’s epistles were written at Rome, one of them just before his death, as is believed by beheading The localities made interesting by Paul at Rome are: the Appian Way, by which he approached the city; Caesar’s Court, or Palace ( Philippians 1:13); and the Palatine Hill, on which was Caesar’s household ( Philippians 4:22), and probably Paul’s residence. It is also said, traditionally, that Peter and Paul were fellow-prisoners, for nine months, in the Mamertine prison, which is now shown under the church of St. Giuseppe dei Falegnami; and that they separated on their way to martyrdom at a spot on the Ostian road, now marked by a chapel and the church of St. Paolo marks the site of Paul’s martyrdom. The spot where Peter suffered is also covered by the church of St. Pietro in Montorio, on the Janiculum. A chapel on the Appian Way locates the beautiful legend of Jesus appearing to Peter as he was escaping from martyrdom, who, ashamed, returned and submitted to his fate (Ambrose). The bodies of the two apostles were first laid in the catacombs, and were finally buried, Paul on the Ostian road, and Peter in the church of St. Peter. The ruins of the Coliseum are still standing, as a memorial of those early nameless Christians who were exposed to the wild beasts in its arena, for the gratification of the people, who, while witnessing these awful sights, were sprinkled with perfumed water, which was conveyed about the building in secret pipes. Nearly two-thirds of the ancient site (within Aurelian’s walls) are covered with ruins, and a few churches and convents, or open wasteplaces. In Pliny’s time the circuit of the city was 20 miles; it is now about 15 miles. The first Christian church building in Rome was built by Constantine, who gave his own palace on the Caelian hill as a site. St. Peter’s on the Vatican hill was built next, A.D. 324 — the first edifice built on the site — out of the ruins of the temples of Apollo and Mars, and stood 1,200 years, being superseded by the present magnificent structure. Rome is called Babylon (on account of the special hate of the Jews for the tyranny of its rulers), in Revelation 14:8; 16:19; 17:5; 18:2, — as the center of heathenism, in contrast to Jerusalem, the center of Judaism. It is supposed that the first Church in Rome consisted mainly of Gentiles. (See Conybeare and Howson’s Life of St. Paul, Gibbon, Draper’s Hist. Int. Devel. of Europe).

Romans, Epistle to the . Room (Hebrew: MAKONA ). Place ( Genesis 24:23); KEN . Nest ( Genesis 6:14). Greek: anogeon or anagaion . Anything above ground; an upper room ( Mark 14:15). Room is sometimes synonymous with seat or place ( Luke 14:8,50).

Root (Hebrew: SHORESH; Greek: rhiza ). The part of a tree or plant under ground ( Job 8:17). In poetry persons and nations are often compared to a plant or tree ( Isaiah 5:24); figuratively, the lowest part, bottom ( Job 28:9); metaphorically, descendant, offspring ( Isaiah 11:10).

Rose 1. Hebrew: CHABAZZELETH Song of Solomon 2:1). I am the rose of Sharon. 2. Greek: rhodon (Wisdom 2:8). Roses are greatly prized in the East, for the rosewater, which is in much request. Several varieties are still found in Palestine. The “rose of Sharon” is sacredly associated with the heavenly bridegroom ( Song of Solomon 2:1). The Rose of Sharon is thought by some to have been the Cistus, Rockrose, of which there are several varieties in Palestine, and is now chiefly found on the hills, and especially on Mount Carmel, where it almost covers whole districts, tinting entire hillsides, as seen from a distance, in April. Others, as Tristram (Natural History, 476), thinks it was the sweet-scented Narcissus, a native of Palestine growing on Sharon, and nearly all over the country. It is very fragrant, and an especial favorite of the people, who, men and women, carry them for their perfume and fine color, vast numbers being sold in the bazaars. Dr. Thomson suggested the Mallow, marsh-mallows, which grows into a stout bush, and bears thousands of beautiful flowers. Others again suggest the asphodel or the lily.

Rosh In Ezekiel 38:2,3; 39:1, this name is translated “chief,” and should read, “Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal.” The Russ, or Russians, are also mentioned in the Koran. The country of the children of ( Judges 2:23) was ravaged by Holoferues. Meshech is said to be the original Muscovy, and Rosh, the original Russia.

Rosin The resin of turpentine after distillation. 1. In Ezekiel 27:17, 2. In the Song of the Three Holy Children, (23) the servants of the king are said to have ceased not to make the oven hot with rosin (properly naphtha).

Rubies .

Rue (Greek: pegamon, in Luke 11:42, only ). Is doubtless, the common garden-rue (ruta graveolus), having a strong odor and a bitter taste: a shrubby plant, about two feet high, and used as a medicine. In the middle ages it was used by the priests to sprinkle holy water, and was called herb of grace.

Rufus (Latin: red ) Son of Simon the Cyrenian, who carried the cross on which the Saviour was to be crucified ( Mark 15:21). He is supposed to be the same person whom Paul salutes in Romans 16:13.

Ruhamah (“pitied” ) in .

Rumah (“lofty” ) ( 2 Kings 23:36). ( Joshua 15:52). Rush (Hebrew: AGMON ). .

Rust (Greek: brosis, Matthew 5:19,30 ). A destroying substance that attacks treasures of any kind long undisturbed. In James 5:3, “rust” is the translation of the Greek ios, the “tarnish” which spreads silver, rather than “rust.”

Ruth .

Rye (KUSSEMETH ), ( Exodus 9:32 ).