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CHAPTER XX

The Moabites, Ammonites, and Edomites, invade Judah, 1, 2. Jehoshaphat proclaims a fast, and gathers the people together to seek the Lord, 3, 4. His prayer to God, 5-12. Great and small, male and female, seek the Lord, 13. Jahaziel predicts the downfall of their enemies, 14-17. The king, the Levites, and the people take courage; praise and magnify God; and go forth to meet their enemies, 18-21. The enemies are confounded, and destroy each other, 22-24. The men of Judah take the spoil, praise the Lord, and return with joy to Jerusalem, 25-28. The fear of the Lord falls upon all their enemies round about; and the land has rest, 29, 30. Transactions and character of Jehoshaphat, 31-34. He joins with Ahaziah, king of Israel, in building a fleet of ships to go to Tarshish, but they are wrecked at Ezion-geber, 35-37.

NOTES ON CHAP. XX

Verse 1. "Children of Ammon, and with them other beside the Ammonites" - Here there must be a mistake; surely the Ammonites are the same as the children of Ammon. Our translators have falsified the text by inserting the words "other beside," which have nothing properly to represent them in the Hebrew. Literally translated, the words are: "And it happened after this, the children of Moab, and the children of Ammon, and with them of the Ammonites:" and thus the Vulgate. The Syriac, which the Arabic follows, has felt the difficulty, and translated, Came together with warlike men to fight, &c. The Septuagint have given it another turn: kai metĘ autwn ek twn minaiwn, And with them people of the Minaites; which were a people of Arabia Felix near the Red Sea. The Targum has yamwda m whm[w Ve-immehon min Edomaey, "And with them some of the Edomites." This is very likely to be the true reading, as we find from 2 Chron. xx. 10, 22, 23, that they procured men from Mount Seir; and these were the Idumeans or Edomites. We should, in my opinion, read the text thus: The children of Moab, and the children of common, and with them some of the Edomites.

Verse 2. "On this side Syria" - Instead of µram mearam, from Syria, I would read with one of Kennicott's MSS. (89) µdam meedom, from Edom, which alteration brings it to truth and does not require the change of half a letter, as it consists in the almost imperceptible difference between r resh and d daleth. We do not read of any Syrians in this invasion, but we know there were Edomites, or inhabitants of Mount Seir.

"Hazazon-tamar" - "In the wood of palm trees, that is, in Engedi." -Targum.

This is the meaning of the word, and it is probable that they lay hid here.

Verse 3. "Jehoshaphat feared" - He found that he could not possibly stand against such a numerous army, and therefore could not expect to be delivered except by the strong arm of God. To get this assistance, it was necessary to seek it; and to get such extraordinary help, they should seek it in an extraordinary way; hence he proclaimed a universal fast, and all the people came up to Jerusalem to seek the Lord.

Verse 6. "Jehoshaphat stood" - What an instructive sight was this! The king who proclaimed the fast was foremost to observe it, and was on this occasion the priest of the people; offering in the congregation, without form or any premeditation, one of the most sensible, pious, correct, and as to its composition one of the most elegant prayers ever offered under the Old Testament dispensation.

Verse 7. "Art not thou our God" - "Hast not thou, by thy WORD, driven out." -Targum.

Verse 8. "Therein for thy name" - "For the name of thy WORD." - Targum.

Verse 9. "For thy name is in this house" - "Thy Majesty is in this house." Several of Kennicott's and Deuteronomy Rossi's MSS., with the Vulgate, Syriac, and Arabic, add arqn nikra, "is invoked;" Thy name is invoked in this house-here thou dwellest, and here thou art worshipped.

Verse 11. "They reward us" - Six of Kennicott's and Deuteronomy Rossi's MSS. add h[r evil: "Behold, they reward us EVIL." This is also the reading of the Targum.

Verse 12. "Wilt thou not judge them" - That is, Thou wilt inflict deserved punishment upon them.

Verse 15. "For the battle is not yours, but God's." - God will not employ you in the discomfiture of this great host; he himself will take the matter in hand, deliver you, and destroy them.

Verse 17. "For the Lord will be with you." - "The WORD of the Lord shall be your Helper." -Targum.

Verse 20. "Believe in the Lord your God" - "Believe in the WORD of the Lord your God, and believe in his law, and believe in his prophets; and ye shall prosper." Here the WORD and the revelation are most pointedly distinguished; the Word being used personally.

Verse 22. "The Lord set ambushments" - "The WORD of the Lord placed snares among the children of Ammon and Moab; and the inhabitants of the mountain of Gibla, who came to fight with Judah; and they were broken to pieces:" so the Targum.

Houbigant translates the place thus: "The Lord set against the children of Ammon and Moab ambushments of those who came from Mount Seir against Judah; and the children of Ammon and Moab were smitten: but they afterwards rose up against the inhabitants of Mount Seir, and utterly destroyed them; who being destroyed, they rose up one against another, and mutually destroyed each other." This is probably the meaning of these verses. Calmet's version is not very different.

Verse 25. "Both riches with the dead bodies" - For µyrgp peparim, dead bodies, µydgb begadim, garments, is the reading of eight MSS. in the collections of Kennicott and Deuteronomy Rossi, and in several ancient editions. None of the versions have dead bodies except the Chaldee. The words might be easily mistaken for each other, as the p pe, if a little faint in the under dot might easily pass for a b beth; and we know that the r resh and d daleth, are frequently interchanged and mistaken for each other, both in Hebrew and Syriac. I believe garments to be the true reading; and as to the clause which they stripped off for themselves, it should be understood thus: Which they seized for themselves, &c.

Verse 26. "Assembled themselves in the valley of Berachah" - "The valley of Benediction;" and so in the latter clause. - Targum.

Verse 27. "Jehoshaphat in the forefront of them" - He was their leader in all these spiritual, holy, fatiguing, and self- denying exercises. What a noble and persuasive pattern!

Verse 29. "The Lord fought" - "The WORD of the Lord made war against the enemies of Israel." -Targum.

Verse 33. "The high places were not taken away" - The idolatry, as we have seen, was universally suppressed; but some of the places where that worship had been performed were not destroyed. Some of them still remained; and these, to such a fickle people, became the means of idolatry in reigns less propitious to truth and religion.

Verse 34. "In the book of Jehu" - This is totally lost, though it is evident that it was in being when the books of Chronicles were written.

Verse 36. "To go to Tarshish" - "In the great sea." -Targum. By which expression they always meant the Mediterranean Sea.