J There is no distinction in the Hebrew between J and I. The proper sound is that of Y when placed before a vowel, as Jah, Yah; Jonah, Yonah.

Jaakan (“intelligent” ) The Israelites encamped around the wells of the tribe “of the sons” (Bene) Jaakan ( Deuteronomy 10:6). Tayibeh (Rob.).

Jaakobah ( 1 Chronicles 4:36 ). . Simeonite chief.

Jaala (“wild goat” ) Sons of his were among the returned from captivity ( Nehemiah 7:58).

Jaalah ( Ezra 2:66 ). .

Jeelin in Esdras.

Jaalam (“God hides” ) Son of Aholibamah, wife of Esau ( Genesis 36:5), and a sheikh in Edom. He was a phylarch (duke in Genesis).

Jaanai (“answers” ) Chief in Gad ( 1 Chronicles 5:12).

Jaare-Oregim (“Jair, the weaver?” ) The Targum says. “And David, the son of Jesse, weaver of the veils of the house of the sanctuary, who was of Bethlehem, slew Goliath the Gittite.” In 1 Chronicles 20:5, the account is “Elhanan, the son of Jail slew Lahmi, the brother of Goliath,” etc. .

Jaasau (“made by Jah” ) A son of Bani, who had to put away his Gentile wife ( Ezra 10:37). Jaasiel (“made by El” ) Judge in Benjamin in David’s time ( 1 Chronicles 27:21).

Jaazaniah (“Jah hears” ), (Hebrew: yaazanyahu ). 1. Captain under Johanan ( 2 Kings 25:3). Son of Hoshaiah ( Jeremiah 42:1), the Maachathite ( Jeremiah 40:8). 2. Son of Shaphan ( Ezekiel 8:11), leader of seventy elders, seen by Ezekiel worshiping idols. 3. Son of Azur, a chief, subject of Ezekiel’s prophesy ( Ezekiel 11:1). 4. A Rechabite ( Jeremiah 35:3).

Jaazer (“Jah helps” ) Arnorite town, east of Jordan in Gilead ( Numbers 32:1). Rebuilt by Gad, and assigned to the Levites (Merarites, Numbers 5:35). Famous for its vineyards ( Isaiah 16:8,9). The land of Jazer; Seir, west of Ammon, north of Heshbon.

Jaaziah (“Jah consoles” ) The third son of Merari, the Levite ( 1 Chronicles 24:26).

Jaaziel (“El consoles” ) Musician in David’s time ( 1 Chronicles 15:18). . Jabal (“stream” ) Son of Lamech, “father” of dwellers in tents and graziers ( Genesis 4:20).

Jabbok (“flowing” ) River in Gilead, falling into the Jordan River about mid-way between the Sea of Tiberias and the Dead Sea ( Joshua 12:2). The border of the Ammon was strong ( Numbers 21:24), the river running in a defile, deep, narrow and wild, fringed by willows, cane, and oleanders, evergreen oak, pine and arbutus. Wady Zurkot. Some think it was the Hieromax, Wady Yarmuk.

Jabesh (“dry” ) 1. Father of Shallum, 15th king of Israel ( 2 Kings 15:10). 2. Short form of Jabesh Gilead Jabeth, in Gilead, the largest city in the half-tribe of Manasseh, 6 miles from Pella, now called Ed Deir, on Wady Yabis. It did not send its contingent against Benjamin ( Judges 21:8), and was punished by the destruction of all its people but 400 young women, who were given to the Benjamites for wives. Nahash attacked it, (1 Samuel 11), but Saul came to the rescue. When the bodies of Saul and his sons hung on the walls of Bethshan, the valiant men of Jabesh Gilead made a raid at night and carried them off, and buried them honorably ( 1 Samuel 31:11-13).

Jabez ( “causes sorrow” ) 1. Town in Judah, where the Kenite scribes resided ( 1 Chronicles 2:55). 2. In the minute genealogy of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 4:9,10) Jabez was more honorable than his brethren, who are not recorded. Jabin (“intelligent” ) 1. King of north Canaan, at Hazor, who headed a most powerful army against Joshua ( Joshua 11:1-4), and was surprised and defeated near the waters of Merom ( Joshua 11:7). Joshua afterward burned Jabin’s city. 2. King of Hazor, in the time of the Judges, who lived in the same city of Hazor (rebuilt), raised an army against Israel, and was defeated, etc. Some have thought that the two accounts were of one event, or of two victories over one Jabin: one by Joshua and another by Barak, but it is more probable that there were two kings of that name, as recorded, and there were 150 years between the two kings. Jabneel (“El builds” ) 1. In Judah, near the sea, north ( Joshua 15:11), held at one time by the Philistines ( 2 Chronicles 26:6), who were driven out by Uzziah. Jamnia, in 1 Macc. 4:15, and a strong place. Now called Yebna or Ibna, on a little hill, near the Rubin river,11 miles south of Joppa, where the Crusaders built the castle of Ibelin, and a church, whose ruins are still visible. 2. In Naphtali. Lost. Josephus mentions Iamnith, in Upper Galilee.

Jabneh .

Jachan ( 1 ) (“afflicted” ) A chief in Gad ( 1 Chronicles 5:13).

Jachan ( 2 ) (“he will establish” ) Name of one of the pillars in the porch of Solomon’s temple ( 1 Kings 7:21).

Jachin 1. The fourth son of Simeon (Genesis 66:10). Jachinites ( Numbers 26:12). 2. Head of the 21st course of priests ( 1 Chronicles 9:10); some of this course returned from captivity ( Nehemiah 11:10).

Jachinites Family founded by Jachin.

Jacinth (Greek: yacinth ). 1. A dark purple flower. 2. . Jacob (“supplanter” ) Esau and Jacob were twins, sons of Rebekah, wife of Isaac, born B.C. 1836, at the well Lahai-roi. Jacob was the favorite of his mother, and was a shepherd. He bought the birthright of his older brother Esau (at an unfair price in his brother’s distress) and got the Patriarchal blessing from his father by a stratagem, in which he was aided by his mother. This blessing was material only, and did not include the spiritual promises. His quiet life ended when, at the age of 78 he was obliged to leave home, and was sent to Padan-Aram to find a wife among his mother’s relatives. On the way there he had the dream of the ladder reaching from earth to heaven, at Bethel. Isaac had repeated his blessing when he left home, with the addition of the spiritual promises made to Abraham, and they were confirmed in the dream at Bethel. (Jacob seems to have thought only of “a local God who lived at Bethel”, with whom he was disposed to make a bargain for service on conditions). The beautiful incident of the meeting of Jacob with Rachel at the well exhibits the pure and simple habits of the time, and the courtesy and kindness so native to those who follow the shepherd’s life. Laban drove a very hard and shrewd bargain with Jacob, compelling him to serve 14 years for Rachel and marry Leah besides, but this was repaid by Jacob in his sharp practice in making himself rich in “much cattle, by skillful management”. At the age of nearly 100 he returned to Canaan, and on the way his name was changed from Jacob to Israel (“God’s soldier”) at Peniel, where he met his brother Esau, who was then a kind of Bedouin wanderer, such as now roam over the same district, although Esau appeared to be much the better man of the two. The images (“gods”) that Rachel stole from her father’s house, were small figures of certain designs, ( ), such as are often found buried among the ruins in Palestine, and were used in pagan worship. The value put on them by Laban shows how little real knowledge he had of the true God. Jacob stayed awhile at Shechem, where he buried under a sacred tree the stolen images; and also at Bethel where he built an altar. While on the way to Hebron, where his father was, his son Benjamin was born, and the mother, Rachel, died and was buried near Bethlehem, where a tomb preserves her memory to this day. Esau and Jacob met again at Hebron, when they buried their father Isaac. Soon after this Joseph was sold into Egypt. Jacob was living at Hebron with his eleven sons, when a famine brought about the migration to Egypt (see ), where he was assigned a home in the pasture land of Goshen, by the Pharaoh, and where he died, aged 130 (147). His body was borne to the cave of Machpelah, and laid in the tomb with those of Abraham, Sarah and Isaac. The blessing that Jacob gave his sons was a proof that his faith in God’s promise was strong — had increased — and that his idea of the true God had become clearer and more elevated. It is full of fine thoughts, poetic language, and abounds in the most beautiful images.

Jacob’s Well It is in a low spur of Mount Gerizim, at the mouth of the valley of Shechem. “Formerly there was a square hole opening into a carefully built vaulted chamber,10 feet square, in the floor of which was the true mouth of the well. Now a part of the vault has fallen in, and completely covered up the mouth, so that it looks like a shallow pit.” The well is 9 feet diameter, circular, cut through limestone rock nearly 100 feet deep. It sometimes has water in it but is often quite dry. There was a small church over it in the 4th century, and to the southwest there are a few shapeless ruins still left.

Jada (“skillful” ) Son of Onam by Atarah ( 1 Chronicles 2:28).

Jadau A son of Nebo, who married a Gentile ( Ezra 10:43).

Jaddua (“known” ) 1. A layman, who signed the covenant with Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 10:21). 2. Son(?) and successor of Jonathan, high priest, the last whose name is recorded in the Old Testament. Josephus relates of him a ceremonious reception of Alexander (Antiquities xi. 8, sec. 7).

Jadon (“judge” ) 1. The Meronothite who assisted in repairing the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 3:7). 2. A man of God, from Judah, who withstood Jeroboam at Bethel, as said by Josephus, in error for Iddo ( 2 Chronicles 9:29).

Jael (“climber, Ibex” ) 1. Wife of Heber (of the family of Hobab), the Kenite, a sheikh of a Bedouin tribe, who had pitched his tent under an oak, called on that account “oak of the wanderers” (plain of Zaanaim in Judges 4:11), near Kedesh-Naphtali ( , ). When his army was routed, Sisera fled in another direction, away from the flying host, and sought safety in the woman’s private tent, where he would have been safe, under Jael’s cloak, if the woman herself had not betrayed him, which she did do, killing him with one of the tent-pins. God’s judgment on Sisera was celebrated in the song of Deborah, but not Jael’s treacherous and violent method. 2. A Judge of Israel ( Judges 5:6).

Jagur (“lodging-place” ) Town in the south of Judah ( Joshua 15:21). .

Jah (“Yah” ) 1. The shorter form of Jehovah. Used in forming such names as Eli-jah Isajah, Jerem-jah (Jeremiah). (German: [^Gott). The Hebrew names are: 1. El , “might”, as El-Shaddai , “God almighty” (Genesis 14); El-’Elohiym “God mightier than all gods, God of gods”; El-beth-El , “the place of the mighty God”; also in compounds, as areze-El , “the cedars of God”, that is tall and strong; and peculiarly in poetry. 2. Eloah “strong”; ’Elohiym the plural. Eloah is used only in poetry, and ’Elohiym in both poetry and prose. The plural is used in Hebrew to enlarge and intensify the idea expressed by the singular. ’Elohiym is not “the gods”, but is the strongest of all strong beings, the fullness of divine perfections, the sum of all the powers of all imaginable gods. There is nothing in this name either for against the idea of a trinity. That belongs to the New Testament age. The unity of God was guarded with the utmost jealousy against idolatrous polytheists ( Deuteronomy 6:4; 32:39; Isaiah 44:6). The word was often used for the pagan gods and other ideas of divinity ( Psalm 8:6; 97:7), as angels; and also to the rulers and judges of Israel ( Exodus 22:9,28), and God (’Elohiym ) is said to judge among the rulers (’Elohiym in Psalm 82:1). All true sons of Israel were called sons of God (’Elohiym , John 10:35). The Cainites claimed to be “sons of God” in distinction from the Sethites, who took the more humble name of “sons of Adam,” or “sons of the Man” ( Genesis 6:4). The peculiar name of God in relation to the covenant, is 3. Jehovah ; but in reading the Scriptures the Jews always pronounced the word Adonai which is “Lord”. The vowel points now in use were not invented for centuries after the Hebrew ceased to be a living language, so that the true pronunciation of the name Jehovah was lost, and the word was written YHWH and pronounced Adonai or Elohim. The vowel points of Adonai (aDoNai) were placed in Jehovah (JaHoVaH), but this is not found in the old copies, and not older than about 1500 A.D. Diodorus Sicnlus gives the Greek for the Hebrew YHWH . The meaning of Jehovah is “underived existence”,HE IS, or IAM BECAUSE IAM, the God of Abraham, of grace, and truth, and love; self-existence, eternity. ’Elohiym is God “in nature”, Jehovah is God “in grace”. (The temple of Isis, at Sais, had this inscription: “I am all that has been, that is, and that will be,” meaning Isis, the universal mother.) The word Jehovah is supposed to mean “joy”; “pain — the God of good and evil. page 14. In Greek, the word is: 4. Theos , any deity, idol, or the true God ( Matthew 1:23), and Satan (god of this world). 5. Kurios Lord in Matthew 1:20; and in the Septuagint as the translation of Jehovah; also of a man, a lord.

Jahath (“union” ) 1. Son of Libni ( 1 Chronicles 6:20). Ancestor of Asaph. 2. Head of a family in the line of Gershom ( 1 Chronicles 23:10). 3. In the line of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 4:2). 4. A Levite, son of Shelomoth ( 1 Chronicles 24:2). 5. Merarite Levite in Josiah’s time (1 Chronicles 34:12); an overseer of repairs in the temple.

Jahaz ( Joshua 13:18). . ( Numbers 21:23). A place where the battle was fought between the Israelites and Sihon, king of the Amorites. Jeremiah mentions it ( Jeremiah 48:21) as in Moab. Not yet identified.

Jahaziah (“seen by Jah” ) Son of Tikvah, and assistant to Ezra ( Ezra 10:15). Ezechias in Esdras.

Jahaziel (“seen by El”, that is, “made strong” ) 1. Deserted Saul for David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:4). 2. Priest in David’s time, who blew the trumpet at ceremonials ( Chronicles 16:6). 3. The third son of Hebron, a Levite. The family is mentioned in David’s time ( 1 Chronicles 23:19). 4. Levite of the sons of Asaph who prophesied the destruction of the army that was coming to attack Jerusalem ( 2 Chronicles 20:14). 5. A son of Jehaziel returned from captivity as chief of the Bene-Shecariah ( Ezra 8:5). Zattu (for Shecariah) in 1 Esdras 8:32 (Bene Zathoe). Jahdai (“led by Jah” ) In Caleb’s line, father of 6 sons ( 1 Chronicles 2:47) Jahdiel (“made joyful by El” ) Chief in Manasseh, east of the Jordan River ( 1 Chronicles 5:24).

Jahdo (“united” ), Son of Buz, a Gadite ( 1 Chronicles 5:14).

Jahleel (“hope in El” ) The third son of Zebulon ( Genesis 46:14). ( Numbers 26:26).

Jahmai (“Jah guards” ) Chief in the house of Tola, Issachar (l Chronicles 7:2).

Jahzah (“threshing-floor” ) ( 1 Chronicles 6:78).

Jahzeel ( “El divides” ) 1st son of Naphtali ( Genesis 46:24). Jahzeelites ( Numbers 26:48).

Jahziel in 1 Chronicles 7:13. .

Jahzerah (“led back by Jah” ) Priest of the family of Immer ( 1 Chronicles 9:12).

Jair (“splendid” ) 1. Descended from both Judah and Manasseh. Leader in the conquest of Bashan, B.C. 1451. . 2. 8th judge of Israel, B.C. 1210, a Gileadite. Buried in Camon. 3. 2 Samuel 21:19.

Jairite, Ira the ( 2 Samuel 20:26 ). (Pasha? ) Jairus (Greek for the Hebrew: Jair ). Ruler in a synagogue in Galilee, whose daughter Jesus restored to life and health ( Luke 8:14).

Jaken . Akan.

Jakeh (“pious” ) Father of Agur ( Proverbs 30:1). Supposed by some to be a name for David, father of Solomon, but without evidence.

Jakim (“lifted by Jah” ) 1. Chief of the 12th course of priests in David’s reign ( 1 Chronicles 24:12). ? 2. One of the Bene Shimhi ( 1 Chronicles 8:19).

Jalon (“abiding” ) A son of Ezra, in the line of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 4:17).

Jambri children of (i.e. some of the tribe) attacked the Maccabees, and suffered reprisals (1 Macc. 9:36). Amorites?

James Three persons are mentioned by this name in the New Testament. The original form of the name in Hebrew is Jacob, and is so called now by the church in the East; Jacob (Mar Yacoob). The name has passed through several changes, through many languages. It was in Greek: Iakobos ; Latin: Jacobus ; Italian: Iacomo , or Giacomo , and Jacopo ; Spanish: Iago (Diego ), and Xayme , or Jayme (pronounced: hayme); French: Jacques , and [^Jame, which is in English: James. (See Robertson’s Becket, p. 139). The modern derivatives are framed on the original form, as Jacobin, and Jacobite. 1. . He first appears as a fisherman, A.D. 27, when he, with his brother John, was called by Jesus to be his disciple ( Mark 1:20). His father owned a boat (ship) and employed help. On another occasion he, his brother John, with Simon and Andrew, were directed by Jesus, and caught a very large number of fish at one haul, which was explained by the Great Teacher to mean that they all should become successful fishers of men. James was numbered with the 12, among the first 4. He was always selected for any special duty. He was present at the raising of Jairus’ daughter ( Mark 1:29); one of the three on the Mount of Transfiguration ( Matthew 18:1); one of the 4 who heard the sermon on the last days ( Mark 13:3); and one of 3 in Gethsemane ( Matthew 26:37). He joined his brother John in the request that fire should be called down on the Samaritans ( Luke 9:54); and in the ambitious request, with their mother, to sit nearest to Christ in his kingdom ( Matthew 20:20). These requests were refused with indignation by Jesus, and they were named Boanerges ( Mark 2:17). They were at the Feast of Pentecost. He was a man of very resolute purpose and determined action, and was given a high position among the apostles ( Acts 12:2); and he is the only one of the 12 whose death is recorded, which took place about 10 years after the crucifixion. 2. . The children of Joseph and Mary were Jesus, James, Joses, Jude (Judas), Simon, and three daughters whose names are not given ( Matthew 13:55,56; Galatians 1:19; 2:9,12). His brethren did not believe in Jesus as the Christ at the first ( John 7:5), and some of them not until a few days before the Day of Pentecost ( Corinthians 15:7). James occupied a prominent position among the apostles, and was surnamed “the Just.” James and Peter seem to have been in authority on equal terms when Paul was admitted to the fellowship of the apostles on the word of Barnabas ( Acts 9:27; Galatians 1:18), and after that time he acts as the president of the council in Jerusalem ( Acts 12:17; 15:13), whose decrees he delivered formally, a position recognized and recorded by Paul ( Galatians 2:9), and honored by a formal visit of ceremony in the presence of all the presbyters ( Acts 21:18). He is believed to have been appointed Bishop of Jerusalem by Jesus in a vision, as is reported by Epiphanius and others of the early historians of the Church, only that Eusebius says the appointment was by the apostles. Hegesippus, a Jewish disciple in the 2nd century, gives the most minute and interesting account, in which he is described as the brother of Jesus, holy from the womb, drinking neither wine nor spirits, nor eating animal food, and wearing both his hair and whiskers without shaving (but with trimming), and he avoided the use of perfumes and ceremonious bathing, and wore only linen clothes. He was a very constant attendant on the services in the temple, and prayed “on his knees” for the salvation of the people, so that he was looked upon as the “bulwark of the church,” and it is said that “all who became believers believed through James.” This same authority relates that he was thrown from the gable of the temple to the ground, and then stoned to death, shortly before the siege of Jerusalem. See the for the . 3. (Clopas), and Mary ( John 19:25), one of the apostles ( Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18, etc.), ( Matthew 27:56; Mark 15:40), and is also called James the Less. He had a brother named Joses, and a sister Salome. The occurrence of the same name in the mother and children of two families does not argue a relation, rather the contrary, and it is not likely that these were relatives of Jesus. Jamin (“right hand” ) 1. Son of Simeon, founder of the Jaminites ( Genesis 46:10). 2. Son of Ram of Hezron in Judah ( 1 Chronicles 2:27). 3. Reader under Ezra ( Nehemiah 8:7).

Jamlech (“Jah makes the king” ) Chief in Simeon in the time of Hezekiah ( 1 Chronicles 4:34,41).

Jamnia for in the Apocrypha.

Jangling (Greek: mataiologia ). Babbling, idle talk. “Jangling is whan a man spekith to moche biforn folk, and clappith as a mille, and taketh no keep what he saith.” (Chaucer, Parson’s Tale).

Janna Father of Melechi in the line of Jesus. ?

Jannes and Jambres The two Egyptian magicians who imitated Moses. Their names were given only by Paul ( 2 Timothy 3:3,9). The origin of the names is obscure.

Jannes may be Greek for the Egyptian (Ian), two kings having that name (meaning “valley”), one of which lived before Joseph. It is supposed that Paul found the names in some history (or tradition), now lost.

Janoah (“quiet” ) In Naphtali, taken by Tiglath-Pileser ( 2 Kings 15:29). Janohah in Eusebius and Jerome.

Janohah (“into rest” ) On the north boundary of Egypt (12 miles east of Neapolis — Eusebius). is in that locality (Van de Velde, ii. 303), in a valley which slopes toward the Jordan River, a small village among extensive ancient ruins. Khirbet Yanun, northeast of Yanun, may be the more ancient (Rob., 297).

Janum (“slumber” ) Judah in the mountains, near Hebron ( Joshua 15:53). Janus.

Japheth (“extent” ) Second son of Noah ( Genesis 10:2,6). (fair) may be the root-wood, in allusion to the light complexion of the people of the Japhetic races who occupied the Isles of Greece (shores and islands), coasts of the Great Sea, and Asia Minor, Asia and Europe.

Japhia ( 1 ) (“fair” ) Zebulon’s boundary ran from Daberath to Japhia, and Gath-hepher ( Joshua 19:12). is two miles south of Nazareth. A tradition says Zebedee was born here, and therefore the Latins call it San Giacomo (James).

Japhia ( 2 ) (“shining” ) 1. King of Lachish ( Joshua 10:3). 2. Son of David, born in Jerusalem. Nephia in the Peshito. .

Japhlet In the line of Asher, through Beriah ( 1 Chronicles 7:32).

Japhleti Boundary of the Japhletite on the south of Ephraim ( Joshua 16:3). Probably an ancient Canaanite tribe.

Japho (“beauty” ) . ( Joshua 19:46).

Jarah (“honey” ) Son of Micah ( 1 Chronicles 9:42). Jehoadah in 1 Chronicles 8:36.

Jareb (“hostile” ) A king of Assyria ( Hosea 5:13; 10:6). The title of “avenger” (yareb ), was assumed by him, as “defender of the faith” was by Henry VIII.

Jared (“low ground” ) A patriarch, son of Mahalaleel, father of Enoch ( Genesis 5:15).

Jaresiah (“Jah nourishes” ) Chief in Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 8:27).

Jarha Egyptian servant of Sheshan, husband of his daughter Ahlai ( Chronicles 2:34).

Jarib (“adhering” ) 1. Jachin in Genesis 46; Exodus 6; Numbers 26. 2. Chief with Ezra ( Ezra 8:16). 3. A priest, son of Jozadak ( Ezra 10:18). 4. Joarib.

Jarmuth (“hill” ) 1. In the Shefelah near Socoh ( Joshua 15:35). Its king, Piram, was routed (with the 5 kings) at Beth-horon by Joshua ( Joshua 10:3,25). Yarmuth, about 9 miles northeast of Beit Jibrin. 2. City in Issa. ( Joshua 19:17). Remeth in Joshua 19:21, and in Chronicles 6:73, Ramoth.

Jaroah (“moon” ) Chief in Gad ( 1 Chronicles 5:14).

Jashen (“sleeping” ) Sons of Jashen were in David’s guard ( 2 Samuel 23:32). Sons of Hashem in 1 Chronicles 11:34.

Jasher, the Book of (“book of the upright” ) A book of heroic poetry and history mentioned in two places in the Old Testament ( Joshua 10:13, and 2 Samuel 1:18), and probably a book of songs and eulogies of distinguished men in Israel. The Vulgate has “the book of the just one;” the Septuagint, “the book of the upright one;” the Syriac, “the book of praises,” or “psalms.” There is an English forgery of 1751 (Bristol, 1829). The original was probably published first in the time of Joshua, and again in David’s reign with additions. A scheme was started for gathering the supposed fragments of this work from the various books of the Old Testament The supposed plan of the work is that it was written to supply a popular demand in Solomon’s time, and its object was to show that God made man upright, but carnal wisdom led him away from the law (spiritual wisdom), when the Hebrews were chosen to keep the law; David was made (perpetual) king for his religious integrity. The compiler named is the prophet Nathan, and it contained the pith, or marrow of the religious system of the Hebrews. This is only a conjecture.

Jashobeam (“return” ) Son of Zabdiel ( 1 Chronicles 27:2), a Korhite ( 1 Chronicles 12:6), or a Hachmonite ( 1 Chronicles 11:11). He slew 800 at one time ( Samuel 23:8). Chief in David’s guard, over the 1st monthly course of 24,000 men.

Jashub (“who returns” ) 1. The third son of Issachar ( 1 Chronicles 7:1). Job in Genesis 46. 2. son of Bani ( Ezra 10:29).

Jashubi-Lehem (“returns to bread” ) Son of Judah by Bathshua ( 1 Chronicles 4:22). It may also be the name of a place — Chozeba, Chezib, or Achzib. The Targum (or Chronicles) says Chozeba is Elimelech: Joash and Saraph are Mahlon and Chilion, who had the dominion in Moab from marrying the two girls; Jashubi-Lehem is Noomi and Ruth who returned (jashub , “return”) to Beth-lehem (lehem , “bread”), after the famine. A poem derived from the book of Ruth.

Jashubites Family of Jashub ( Numbers 26:24).

Jasiel (“made by El” ) One of David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 11:47). A Mesobaite.

Jason Greek form of the name Jesus; Hebrew, Joshua. 1. Son of Eleazer, sent by Judas Maccabaeus to treat with the Romans, B.C. 161 (1 Macc. 8:17). 2. Father of Antipater, an envoy to Rome (1 Macc. 12:16), perhaps the same as No. 1. 3. Of Cyrene a Jewish author of “Five Books of the “War of Jewish Liberation,” from which the 2nd book of Maccabees was compiled. ( in the ). 4. Jason the high priest, 2nd son of Simon 2, and brother of Onias 3. He got his office by fraud, and attempted to Hellenize the Jews by building a gymnasium on the Greek model in Jerusalem, which even the priests attended to the neglect of their duties (2 Macc. 4:9), and by sending a deputation to the games in honor of Hercules at Tyre. Menelaus supplanted him by fraud and a bribe. 5. The Thessalonian who entertained Paul and Silas, for which the Jewish mob attacked him ( Acts 17:5). He was a companion of Paul ( Romans 16:21). SECUNDUS? ( Acts 20:4). Jasper (Yashefeh ). PRECIOUS STONES. Jathniel (“whom El gives” ) Door-keeper in the temple ( 1 Chronicles 26:2). Of the family of Meshelemiah.

Jattir (“eminent” ) Judah in the mountains ( Joshua 15:48). David sent a part of the spoils of Ziklag to this place ( 1 Samuel 30:27). 12 miles south of Hebron is Attir, in ruins, on a hill.

Javan 1. The fourth son of Japheth, father (settler) of Elisha, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. The Hebrew name of Greece. In the Cuneatic it is Yanun. Homer says that early settlers of Greece were Iaonas (Iliad xiii. 685). 2. The Javan of Ezekiel 27:19 is an error for in Arabia (Yemen).

Jazer .

Jaziz (“shining” ) A Hagarite shepherd in David’s employ ( 1 Chronicles 27:31). Perhaps stationed in the country of his ancestors, east of Jordan River ( Chronicles 27:19-22).

Jearim, Mount Chesalon (Keslu), is on a steep ridge, between Wady Ghurab and Wady Ismail, 7 miles west of Jerusalem.

Jeaterai (“following one” ) Son of Zerah, a Levite ( 1 Chronicles 6:21). Ethni?

Jeberechiah (“Jah blesses” ) Father of Zechariah, in Ahaz’s time ( Isaiah 8:2). Berechia?

Jebus (“trodden down” ) . .

Jebusite Third son of Canaan ( Genesis 10:16). First mentioned in the account of the spies ( Numbers 13:29). Jabin’s army contained men from the Arnorites, Hittites, Perizzites and Jebusites ( Joshua 11:3). The king was killed at Bethhoron ( Joshua 10:1,5; 12:10); a part of it was taken and burned by Judah ( Judges 1:21), but the citadel held out for 300 years, until David’s time ( 2 Samuel 5:6). Araunab, the Jebusite, is made immortal by his dealing with David. The remnant of the tribe was made tributary to Solomon ( 1 Kings 9:20), and are heard of as late as the captivity ( Ezra 9:1).

Jecamiah (“Jah assembles the people” ) Son of Neri, of the line of Nathan and of Jesus ( Luke 3:27).

Jecholiah (“Jah is mighty” ) Wife of Amaziah, king of Judah ( 2 Kings 15:2). It is spelled Jecoliah in 2 Chronicles 26:3. She was a native of Jerusalem.

Jechonias Greek form of Jechoniah.

Jeconiah (“Jah builds” ) Jehoiachin, the last but one of the kings of Judah.

Jedaiah (“Jah knows” ) 1. Head of the 2nd course of priests ( 1 Chronicles 24:7). Some of this course returned from captivity ( Ezra 2:36), and there were two priestly families ( Nehemiah 12:6, etc.). 2. A priest in the time of Joshua, the high priest ( Zechariah 6:10).

Jedaiah (“Jah’s praise” ) The Hebrew differs in these two names, but it is not easy to show the difference in English letters. 1. Ancestor of Ziza, of Simeon ( 1 Chronicles 4:37). 2. Son of Harumaph, who assisted in rebuilding the wail ( Nehemiah 3:10).

Jediael (“El knows” ) 1. Chief in Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 7:6), whose family, with its branches, numbered 17,200 fighting men in David’s time. 2. Son of Meshelemiah, a Levite, a doorkeeper in the temple (1 Chronicles 26). 3. Son of Shimri, of David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 12:45). 4. A “head” of 1,000, who joined David near Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:20).

Jedidah (“only one” ) Queen of Amon, mother of Josiah ( 2 Kings 22:1). She was a native of Bozkath.

Jedidiah (“Jah’s darling” ) The name given to Solomon by the prophet Nathan. David named him Shelomoh, peaceful.

Jeduthun (“praising ). One of the conductors of the temple music in the time of David ( Chronicles 15:17; 23:6). The three were , the son of Kushaiah, the Merarite; the Kohathite; and the Gershonite. He played on cymbals in the procession, when the ark was brought to Zion, but he was appointed to duty at Gibeon ( <19F005> Psalm 150:5). His name is in the titles of several psalms (Psalm 39; Psalm 62; Psalm 77), as choir leader.

Jeezer ( Numbers 26:20 ). .

Jegar-Sahadutha (“witness heap” ) Name in Aramaic of the pillar, or heap of stones set up by Laban and Jacob. There are two accounts of the same heap ( Genesis 31:47), Jacob naming it Galeed.

Jehaleleel ( 1 ) (“who praises El” ) Four sons of his are named in Judah’s line ( 1 Chronicles 4:16).

Jahaleleel ( 2 ) (“who praises El” ) Father of Azariah who assisted in restoring the temple in Hezekiah’s time ( 2 Chronicles 29:12).

Jehdeiah (“Jah makes joyful” ) 1. Descendant of Gershom, in David’s time ( 1 Chronicles 24:20). Shubael was head of the house in 1 Chronicles 26:24. 2. A Meronothite who took care of David’s she-asses ( 1 Chronicles 27:30).

Jehezekel (“El makes strong” ) Priest in charge of the 20th course ( 1 Chronicles 24:16).

Jehiah (“Jah lives” ) Door-keeper with Obededom for the ark ( 1 Chronicles 15:24).

Jehiel ( 1 ) (“El lives” ) 1. A Levite assistant in the temple ( 1 Chronicles 15:18). 2. Son of Jehoshaphat ( 2 Chronicles 21:2). 3. Ruler in the temple in Josiah’s time ( 2 Chronicles 35:8). 4. Levite, head of Laadan’s sons 1 Chronicles 23:8). 5. Son of Hachmoni, in David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 27:32). Jerome says Jehiel was David’s on Chileab (Daniel), and Achamoni David himself. 6. Levite in the time of Hezekiah ( 2 Chronicles 29:14). 7. A Levite and an overseer of the sacrifices ( 2 Chronicles 31:13). 8. Father of Obadiah, who returned from captivity at the head of 218 sons of Joab ( Ezra 8:9). 9. Father of Shekaniah, who assisted Ezra ( Ezra 10:2). 10. Another of the same family who had to part with his Gentile wife ( Ezra 10:26). 11. A priest of the sons of Harim, who also put away his wife ( Ezra 10:21).

Jehiel ( 2 ) (This is different from the last entry in the Hebrew text. ) 1. Father of Gibeon in the line of Saul the king ( 1 Chronicles 9:35). 2. Son of Hotham the Aroerite, in David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 11:44).

Jehieli The Bene-Jehieli were treasurers of the temple ( 1 Chronicles 26:21).

Jehizkiah (“Jah strengthens” ) Son of Shallum, Chief in Ephraim in the time of Ahaz. He saved a large number of captives, and had them clothed, fed, tended, and returned to Jericho ( 2 Chronicles 28:12).

Jehoadah (“Jah adorns” ) Great-grandson of Merib-baal, in the time of Saul ( 1 Chronicles 8:36).

Jehoaddan of Jerusalem, Josiah’s queen, and mother of Amaziah of Judah ( 2 Kings 14:2).

Jehoahaz (“Jah holds” ) 1. Son and successor of Jehu, who reigned 17 years, B.C. 856-840, in Samaria ( 2 Kings 13:1-9). 2. Shallum 4th son of Josiah, whom he succeeded as king of Judah, being chosen over his older brother, B.C. 610, but after a short reign he was deposed ( 2 Kings 23:32 Jeremiah 22:10), by Pharaoh Necho, taken to Riblah, put in chains, and taken to Egypt, where he died. The people lamented for him, and he was the first king of Judah who died in exile. 3. Youngest son of king Jehoram. His name as king of Judah was Ahaziah.

Jehoash (“Jah’s gift” ) 1. Joash, 8th king of Judah. 2. The 12th king of Israel.

Jehohanan (“Jah’s gift” ) Johanan (John). 1. Levite and doorkeeper in the tabernacle ( 1 Chronicles 26:3). 2. Chief of Judah, general of 280,000 under Jehoshaphat ( 2 Chronicles 17:15). Father of Ishmael, a captain of 100 ( 2 Chronicles 23:1). 3. A Bene-Bebai who was parted from his Gentile wife ( Ezra 10:28). 4. A priest under Joiakin, high priest ( Nehemiah 12:13), after the captivity. 5. Priest and musician at the dedication of the wall ( Nehemiah 12:42).

Jehoiachin (“appointed by Jah” ) Jeconiah, Coniah, Jeconias, Joiakim and Joacim. Son of Jehiakim and Nehushta, and 19th king of Judah, reigning 3 months, 10 days. He was years old ( 2 Kings 24:8), or 8 ( 2 Chronicles 36:9), and was carried captive by Nebuchadnezzar, in revenge for the alliance that his father had made with Egypt. The best of the people, the sacred vessels of the temple, and all the treasure of the people, were taken to Babylon, leaving a poor and feeble remnant. Jehoiachin was kept a close prisoner nearly all the rest of his life,36 years, when Evil-Merodach liberated him. ( ). He was the last of Solomon’s line, as predicted by Jeremiah ( Jeremiah 22:30), the succession passing over to Nathan’s line.

Jehoiada (“Jah favors” ) 1. Father of Benaiah, David’s general ( 2 Samuel 8:18). He was also chief-priest, and leader of 3,700 Aaronites who joined David at Hebron ( 1 Chronicles 12:27). 2. Son of Benaiah, who succeeded Ahithophel as counselor to David — unless there is an error in position and Benaiah is meant. 3. High priest at the time of Athaliah’s usurpation, and in Joash’s reign, B.C. 884-878. He succeeded Amariah. Married Jehosheba, daughter of king Jehoram, and sister of king Ahaziah ( 2 Chronicles 22:11). He stole Joash, when Athaliah killed all the other royal line of Judah, and hid him years in the Temple, finally placing him on the throne. 4. The second priest (sagan ) to Seraiah the high priest, and was deposed for friendship to the prophet Jeremiah ( Jeremiah 29:25-29). 5. Son of Paseah, who repaired the Old Gate at Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 3:6).

Jehoiakim (“Jah appoints” ) 19th king of Judah (B.C. 609-598), 25 years old at his accession. He was first named Ehakim, and was the son of Joash and Zebudah, but Pharaoh Necho changed his name when he made him king in his brother Jehoahaz’s stead ( 2 Kings 23:33), who died in Egypt, in captivity ( 2 Kings 23:34), and he also collected a heavy fine ($200,000) from Judah for Josiah’s part with Babylon against Egypt. The battle at Carchemish ended the rule of Egypt in Palestine for that time, and Nebuchadnezzar besieged and took Jerusalem, and carried some of the royal family to Babylon as hostages, among whom were Daniel and his three companions. The prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel warned the king and people of the results of their idolatries, but instead of repenting, they burned Jeremiah’s prophesy, put him in prison and drove Urijah the prophet into Egypt, where he was killed, and his corpse treated in a barbarous manner ( Jeremiah 26:21-23; Jeremiah 36). According to the warnings of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 17) and Jeremiah (Jeremiah 2 and Jeremiah 27), enemies attacked them on all sides ( 2 Kings 24:7); the king lost his life, and was buried without honor ( Jeremiah 22:18,19). The king of Babylon came in a few weeks after his death and carried his son and all the best men and their families and treasures to Babylon. This act of the king in burning Jeremiah’s book was the first recorded attack on the liberty of the public press, and it did not succeed: the second edition was enlarged and improved ( Jeremiah 36:32).

Jehoiarib (“Jah a defender” ) Head of the 1st course of priests in David’s reign ( 1 Chronicles 24:7). His descendants were among the returned captives ( Nehemiah 11:10).

Jehonadab (“Jah incites” ) The son of Rechab (a Kenite), who assisted Jehu in his reforms, and in the destruction of the Baal worshipers ( 2 Kings 10:15). Jeremiah holds up to the people the obedience of the Rechabites (pilgrims) who kept the law of abstinence from wine, and that to live only in tents, in contrast to the general disregard of the law of Moses (Jeremiah 35), and prophesies an immortality of the house of Rechab. There is no historical trace of them after the Jewish nation went to pieces, and it is supposed that they became disciples of Jesus. Jehonathan (“Jah’s gift” ) . 1. Son of Uzziah, steward to David ( 1 Chronicles 27:25). 2. A Levite instructor of the people ( 2 Chronicles 17:8). 3. A priest after the return from captivity ( Nehemiah 12:18). Jehoram (“Jah has excited” ) . 1. Son of Ahab, king of Israel, and successor to his brother Ahaziah, B.C. 896. His reign was noted for the lives of the two great prophets Elijah and Elisha. He was killed by an arrow from Jehu’s bow in Naboth’s vineyard ( 1 Kings 21:21). He was the last of the line of Omri. 2. Oldest son of Jehoshaphat, succeeding him as king of Judah at the age of 32, reigning 8 years, B.C. 893-885. He murdered his 6 brothers, and (by the help of his wife Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab) revived the Baal worship (see ). The latter part of his reign was a series of calamities to the nation, and death to his family, himself dying of a painful malady, not regretted, and being buried without honor. 3. A priest sent to teach the law to the people ( 2 Chronicles 17:8).

Jehoshabeath (“Jah’s worshiper” ) Jehosheba the wife of Jehoiada, the high priest. Jehoshaphat (“Jah is judge” ) 1. Son of Asa and Azubah; succeeded to the throne of Judah at the age of 35, and reigned 25 years, B.C. 914-889 ( 1 Kings 15:24; 2 Kings 8:16; 2 Chronicles 17; 2 Chronicles 21). “The Lord was with Jehoshaphat, because he walked in the first ways of his father David, and sought not unto Baalim; but sought to the Jehovah God of his father.” * * “He took away the high-places and groves out of Judah” ( 2 Chronicles 17:6; Kings 22:43). He sent out teachers among the people to instruct them in the law, set up just judges in the walled cities, forming a supreme court in Jerusalem, for references and appeals. He built castles and store-cities, and aimed to restore commerce in the Red Sea. The army was reformed in five sections; and the Arabians, Philistines, and Edomites were laid under tribute. He was saved from a very great danger by his trust in God (2 Chronicles 20; Psalm 83; Psalm 41; Psalm 47; Psalm 48). He made a friendly alliance with the idolatrous kingdom of Israel, and to secure peace married his son Jehoram to Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab. He was saved by a miracle with his army in the desert (2 Kings 3), at the request of a prophet of Jehovah. The mutual relations between prophet and king in this reign is a sign of the high attainments which the king had made in the divine life. He was prudent enough to appoint his successor (Jehoram, Chronicles 21:3) in his life-time, as David had done to Solomon. 2. Son of Ahilud, a historian in David’s reign ( 2 Samuel 8:16). Such officers were attached to all eastern courts ( Esther 6:1). 3. A priest who blew a trumpet before the ark, on its way from the house of Obed-edom to Zion. 4. Son of Paruah, one of 12 commissaries ( 1 Kings 4:17). His district was Issachar. 5. Son of Nimshi, father of king Jehu ( 2 Kings 9:2). Jehoshaphat, Valley of (“valley where Jah judges” ), ( Joel 3:12). The valley between Scopus and Olivet and Jerusalem, so named after the greatest king after Solomon (2 Chronicles 20). The nations are to assemble for judgment, where Christ will appear the second time ( Acts 1:11). Kidron. The Muslims point out a stone in the east wall of the temple area, near the south end, from which a bridge will be stretched across the valley to Mount Moriah, over which all souls must pass — the just in safety, the wicked falling off into Gehenna. This valley has been used as a burial-ground from the days of Josiah ( 2 Kings 23:6); and both Jews and Muslims look on the place as a most sacred resting-place; but the modern name cannot be traced beyond the 4th century A.D. Joel’s prophesy was a poetical and symbolical figure, intended to teach that God is always present with and defending his faithful children. .

Jehosheba (“oath to Jah” ) Daughter to Jehoram, king of Judah, but her mother is not mentioned. She married Jehoiada, the high priest, being the only woman of Aaron’s line who married into a royal family. She assisted her husband in preserving the young Joash (see ), ( 2 Kings 11:2). Jehoshua (“his help is Jah” ) . ( Numbers 13:16). Jehovah . Jehovah-Jireh (“Jah will see” ) The place where Abraham was about to sacrifice Isaac. Lost. ( Genesis 22:14). Jehovah-Nissi (“Jah my banner” ) Place of an altar built by Moses in memory of a victory over the Amalekites, on Horeb ( Exodus 17:15). Jehovah-Shalom (“Jah is peace” ) Place of an altar built by Gideon in Ophrah, in memory of the salutation of the angel, “Peace be unto thee” ( Judges 6:24). Jehovah-Shammah (“Jah is there” ) The name of the city in Ezekiel’s vision (Ezekiel 40; Ezekiel 48). Jehovah-Tsidkenu (“Jah our righteousness,” in Jeremiah 23:6 ). Supposed to be one of the titles of the Messiah. It was the prophetic name of a king to be raised up (a branch of David), who will reign and prosper, executing judgment and justice, Also, it is to be the name of the Jerusalem of the future, as the city of the great king ( Jeremiah 33:16).

Jehozabad (“gifted by Jah” ) There were several of this name: 1. The murderer of Joash ( 2 Kings 12:21), whose mother was a Moabitess. 2. A general of 180,000 in Jehoshaphat’s army, a Benjamite ( Chronicles 17:18). 3. A porter or door-keeper of the south gate of the temple ( Chronicles 26:4; Nehemiah 12:25).

Jehozadak (“Jah makes just” ) . Son of Seraiah, the last high priest before the captivity ( 2 Kings 25:18), who was carried into captivity, and died there, but left a son Jeshua, who returned and revived the office ( Ezra 3:2). in the Greek, and in Haggai and in Zechariah. Jehu (“Jah is he” ) 1. First in the 5th dynasty in Israel (see ). He was the son of Jehoshaphat ( 2 Kings 9:2). His grandfather was Nimshi, who was better known than his father. Twenty years before he began to reign he was divinely singled out as the king of Israel by Elijah, and he was anointed by a servant of Elisha, when he was a general in the army, fighting against Hazael, king of Syria, at Ramoth-Gilead ( 2 Kings 9:4-10). He carried out the directions of the prophesy to the very letter, and also destroyed the Baal (and Astarte) worshipers, their temple and images, but did not entirely purify the national worship, and therefore his line went to destruction in the 4th generation (2 Kings 29:30; Hosea 1:4). 2. Son of Hanani, a prophet of Judah, whose prophesy, was directed against Israel. He also wrote a life of Jehoshaphat ( 2 Chronicles 16:7; 20:34; 1 Kings 16:1). 3. Man of the house of Hezron, in Judah ( 1 Chronicles 2:38). 4. Chief in Simeon (4:35). 5. “Jehu, the Anthothite,” joined David at Ziklag (12:3).

Jehubbah (“will be hidden” ) Son of Shomer of Asher ( 1 Chronicles 7:34).

Jehucal (“potent” ) Son of Shelemiah (Jucal), “prince of the king” ( Jeremiah 37:3; 38:1).

Jehud (“praise” ) City in Dan ( Joshua 19:45). El Yehudiyeh, near Lydd, 7 miles east of Jaffa (Rob.).

Jehudi (“Jews” ) Son of Nethaniah, sent to bring Baruch with Jeremiah’s denunciation to be read to the king ( Jeremiah 36:14,21,23).

Jehudijah (“Jewess” ) Correctly Hajehudijah, a wife of Merod, sister of Naham ( 1 Chronicles 4:18). Hodijah in 1 Chronicles 4:19.

Jehush (“collecting” ) Son of Eshek in the line of Saul ( 1 Chronicles 8:39).

Jeiel (“El’s treasure” ) There are eight of this name, but none are famous.

Jekabzeel (“El collects” ) Kabzeel was so named after the return from captivity ( Nehemiah 9:25).

Jekameam (“assembler” ) Levite in David’s time, in the line of Hebron ( 1 Chronicles 23:19).

Jekamiah (“Jah collects” ) Son of Shallum (in Ahab’s time). Another person is called Jekamiah in Chronicles 2:41.

Jehuthiel (“piety” ) Son of Mered (see ), who built Zanoah.

Jemima (“dove” ) Job’s oldest daughter after his recovery ( Job 42:14). is a name of a province in the center of Arabia, said to have been named after an ancient queen of the Arabians.

Jemini (“right hand” ) A Benjamite ( 1 Samuel 9:1).

Jemnaan . . (Judith 2:28).

Jemuel (“El’s day” ) Son of Simeon ( Genesis 46:10).

Jepthae for Jephthah in Heb 11:32.

Jephthah (Hebrew: yiftah, “he will open”, Judges 22 ). Son of Gilead and a concubine. Driven out of the family by the other children, he went to where he became a leader of a band of marauders, ready for any service but not of robbery. Samuel names him among those who were raised up by God for his people ( 1 Samuel 12:11), and Paul mentions his special faith ( Hebrews 11:32). The Elders of Israel not finding any one offering to lead against the Ammonites, who had been masters for 18 years, appealed to Jephthah, who solemnly accepted the position. He tried to secure the aid of Ephraim, but in vain, and also to reason with the king of Ammon; and then after making a rash vow he completely overthrew the enemy, taking 20 cities; when having punished the Ephraimites, he held his office for 6 years. The story of his daughter’s sacrifice by his vow has been variously understood. Josephus says she was made a burnt-offering, but modern scholars have inclined to the notion that she was devoted to perpetual virginity, and the sacred service of God in the temple. The story of Iphgenia (doomed as a sacrifice to Diana, and made a priestess in her temple) has been cited as a parallel example of the spirit of the Greeks in that age. The vow was that the first person that came out of his house to meet him should be the Lord’s, that is, should be devoted to the Lord; if a man he should serve as a priest’s servant: if a woman she should be devoted to the sacred duties of religion as a holy virgin ( Judges 11:39), a companion to the women of the Gibeonites. Human sacrifice was contrary to the Hebrew idea of true worship of God, and is specially rebuked in the story of Abraham and Isaac. The idea of sacrifice is just as strongly brought out in the perpetual virginity of the young woman who, in common with all the daughters of Israel, might hope to become a mother, or the mother even of the Messiah. Besides, burntofferings must in all cases be males; and again, the vow to offer some animal would have been a small matter, unworthy of the important occasion. It is quite reasonable to suppose that Jephthah thought of his daughter when he made the vow, for he was a husband of one wife, and had but one child, who was his only hope of posterity, thus making it a real sacrifice. The Levites also were devoted in this same sense to the service of God, made dependent, sacred to the Lord, and offered as an offering. Samuel was also devoted to the Lord.

Jephunneh (“for whom a way is made” ) 1. The father of Caleb, a Kenezite of Edom. 2. Oldest son of Jether, in Asher ( 1 Chronicles 7:38).

Jerah (“new moon” ). 4th Son of Joktan ( Genesis 10:26). Yerakh in Yemen,and (more probable) the Aliloei (the moon people) of Herodotus; not those who are named from Mohammed’s relative, Bene-Hilal, living near the Red Sea, south, near Zafari. There is also a locality called El-Latt (lah), meaning the rock where a peculiar worship was offered (to the serpent?); a species of fetishism.

Jerahmeel (“El’s mercy” ) 1. Oldest son of Hezron ( 1 Chronicles 2:9). 2. A Levite of the family of Kish ( 1 Chronicles 24:29). 3. Son of Hammelech, or the king, the keeper of Jeremiah and Baruch in prison ( Jeremiah 36:26).

Jerahmeelites From No. 1 ( 1 Samuel 27:10), lived in the south of Judah.

Jered (“descent” ) . 1. Son of Mahalaleel, father of Enoch ( 1 Chronicles 1:2). 2. Builder of Gedor, in Judah ( 1 Chronicles 4:18).

Jeremai (“living in the heights” ) Son of Hashum ( Ezra 10:33).

Jeremiah (“Jah throws” ) 1. The great Hebrew prophet. ( ). Seven others of the same name. 2. Jeremiah of Libnab, father of Hamutal, wife of Josiah ( 2 Kings 23:31). 3, 4, 5. in David’s army ( 1 Chronicles 12:4,10,13). 6. A hero in Manasseh, beyond the Jordan River ( 1 Chronicles 5:24). 7. Priest of high rank, and head of the 3rd course ( Nehemiah 10:2-8), which assisted in the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 12:34). 8. Father of Jaazaniah, the Rochabite ( Jeremiah 35:3).

Jeremiah, Lamentations of .

Jeremias Greek form of Jeremiah. .

Jeremoth (“heights” ) 1. Chief of the House of Beriah, of Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 8:14), who lived in Jerusalem. 2. A Levite, son of Mushi ( 1 Chronicles 23:23). 3. Son of Heman, head of the 13th choir of musicians ( 1 Chronicles 25:22). Jorimoth in 1 Chronicles 5:4. 4. Son of Elam. 5. Son of Zattu, who complied with Ezra’s reform in putting away his Gentile wives, and sacrificed for each ( Ezra 10:26,27). 6. Ramoth in the Hebrew in Ezra 10:29.

Jeremy The short English form of Jeremiah.

Jeremy, the Epistle of See Baruch in the .

Jeriah (“built by Jah” ) A Levite chief of the House of Hebron ( 1 Chronicles 23:19). Jeribai (“Jah defends” ) Son of Elnaan, in David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 11:46). Jericho (“city of the moon”; and another, “a fragant place” ) ( Numbers 22:1). In the Jordan valley,8 miles from the Dead Sea and from the Jordan. When the Jews crossed the Jordan River, Jericho was a large and strong city, whose origin is not recorded. Since it is not mentioned in Genesis 13, when Abraham and Lot looked over the plain, it must have been built after that time. It was anciently surrounded by palmtrees, of which there were many kinds ( Deuteronomy 34:3; Josephus, B. J., 8, sec. 3), thickly dotted about in pleasure gardens; besides balsam, figs, rose-plants, cypress, and many others. Josephus says, “It will not be easy to settle on any climate in the habitable earth that can well be compared to it.” It was the first city west of the Jordan River taken by the Israelites. Joshua cursed the city ( Joshua 6:26), and the curse was fulfilled in the person of Hiel the Bethelite ( 1 Kings 16:34). The Roman general Pompey camped there one night, and Gabinius made it one of the five cities of assembly. Under Herod the Great it rose to some importance; was full of treasure of all kinds and had valuable revenues. Antony gave it to Cleopatra. Herod built a fort there, which he named Cyprus, in honor of his mother; and a tower, Phasaelis. He also built a new town higher up the plain which he also called Phasaelis. Norman McLeod thinks the modern village marks the site of Gilgal (Eastward, p. 198). Near Jericho was a copious spring, which was healed by Elisha ( 2 Kings 2:19-21), and is now called Ain es Sultan. It is about a mile and a half from the modern village of Er Riha. There are extensive ruins, rubbish and foundations, in several places, on both sides the Wady Kelt (Brook Cherith) and at the Ain es Sultan, marking ancient sites — the most ancient at the fountain. The city of the New Testament was on the banks of the Wady Kelt, on the direct route from Peraea to Jerusalem. It was visited several times by Jesus. Approaching it he cured one blind man ( Luke 18:35), and leaving it he cured another ( Mark 10:46). In the house of Zaccheus (probably in a garden in the suburbs) he related the parable of the Ten Pounds. Vespasian made it the head of a toparchy. It was destroyed during the siege of Jerusalem. It revived under Saracen rule, and in the time of the Crusades was one of the most fertile regions in Palestine. The Latins have a tradition that Jesus was baptized in the Jordan River, opposite Jericho, and the Greeks point to another place, not far off. Both places are visited by great numbers of pilgrims, especially at Easter. Many bottles and cans of the water of the Jordan River are carried away as mementos of the place. Jericho, Plains of The wide valley of the Jordan River around Jericho, about 8 or 10 miles across ( 2 Kings 25:5; Jeremiah 39:5). Jeriel (“founded by El” ) Chief in the house of Tola, of Issachar ( 1 Chronicles 7:2).

Jerimoth (“heights” ) 1. Son of Bela ( 1 Chronicles 7:7). 2. A hero who joined David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:5). 3. A son of Becher ( 1 Chronicles 7:8). 4. Son of Musha, chief of a family of Meraites ( 1 Chronicles 24:30). 5. Son of Heman, head of the 15th choir of musicians ( 1 Chronicles 25:4,22). 6. Son of Azriel, of Naphtali ( 1 Chronicles 27:19). Princes in Chronicles 27:22. 7. Son of David, and of a concubine, whose daughter Mahalath was a wife of Rehoboam, her cousin, Abihail, being another ( 2 Chronicles 11:18). 8. A Levite, custodian of offerings under Azariah the high priest ( Chronicles 21:13).

Jerioth (“curtains” ) Wife of Caleb (the ancient), ( 1 Chronicles 2:18). The Vulgate says she was Caleb’s daughter by his first wife.

Jeroboam (Hebrew: yarabam, “many people” ) The founder of the Kingdom of Israel, an Epraimite, the son of Nebat by Zeruah, a widow, ( 1 Kings 11:26). He was obliged to fly to Egypt for plotting against Solomon, when a young man, even after Solomon had given him an office of honor and profit ( 1 Kings 11:28). He found an asylum and a kind reception in Egypt, from the Pharaoh Shishak (Sesonchis), successor of the father-in-law of Solomon, who had also received kindly Hadad another enemy of Solomon. On the death of Solomon, and on the request of his friends, Rehoboam hastened to fulfill Ahijah’s prophesy in forming a kingdom out of the 10 tribes, being chosen king B.C. 975. He made haste to change the religion of his people, in order to more certainly separate them from Jerusalem, and set up the calfworship at Bethel (Bethaven), and Dan, and changed the time of holding the feasts. His hand was paralyzed because he attempted to arrest the prophet from Judah who predicted the overthrow of his idolatry, but was restored sound on the prayer of the same prophet. His political policy also was unsound, and did not perpetuate itself, He warred with Judah all his days, and died after a reign of 22 years.

Jeroboam II Son of Joash, of the dynasty of Jehu, 13th king of Israel (B.C. 825). Corruptions of all kinds, political and religious, were notorious, and were condemned by the prophet Amos (Amos 7) He reigned 41 years, and extended his father’s conquests, taking Hamath, Damascus, the Hauran, Gilead, Ammon and Moab, and advanced his kingdom to its highest point of prosperity. These successes had been predicted by Jonah ( 2 Kings 14:25-28). Amos was falsely reported by Jeroboam’s high priest at Bethel as having said that the king should die by the sword, but Amos meant ( Amos 7:9-17) the house of Jeroboam, which was the recognized idea in the New Testament times ( John 8:52; Mark 14:57; Acts 6:13). Psalm 45 may refer to Jeroboam. He was buried in state with his ancestors.

Jeroham (“one beloved” ) 1. Father of Elkanah, and about the same age as Eli ( 1 Chronicles 6:27). 2. A Benjamite, and founder of a family ( 1 Chronicles 8:27). 3. Father of Ibneiah ( 1 Chronicles 9:8). 4. Leader of the 16th course of priests ( 1 Chronicles 1:12). 5. Sons of Jeroham of Gedor joined David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:7). 6. Father of Azareel, chief, in David’s time, of Dan ( 1 Chronicles 27:22.) 7. Father of Azariah, a captain of hundreds, who aided in the matter of the young king Joash ( 2 Chronicles 23:1).

Jerubbaal (“Baal pleads” ) Surname of Gideon, cause he threw down an altar of Baal ( Judges 6:32), and when the Abiezites complained to his father he replied, let Baal plead (his own cause).

Jerubbesheth (“with whom the idol contends” ) That is shemeth (the idol) a shameful thing. Same as Jerubbaal, and a name of Gideon.

Jeruel, The Wilderness of (“founded by El” ) ( 2 Chronicles 20:16). Between Tekoa and Engedi, near Berachah, now Bereikut. There was a watch-tower (2 Chronicles 24), from which the enemy was seen, and reported to Jehoshaphat. The forces of Moab and Ammon were at the end of the brook (wady) facing the wilderness of Jeruel. Jerusalem (“foundation of peace” ) First mentioned in Genesis 14:18, by the name of Salem, whose king was Melchizedek (who is said by the Rabbis to be the patriarch Shem). The name Shalaim ( Psalm 76:2) means “two cities”, and is applied to the cities or quarters on (modern) Zion and in the Tyropoeon valley. At the conquest of Canaan the name of its king was Adoni-zedek (“lord of justice”), ( Joshua 10:1,3), almost the same as Melchizedek (king of righteousness). Joshua speaks of the city as “The Jebusite” ( Joshua 15:8), after the name of its occupiers. In the time of the Judges the name was (19:10,11). Judah could not, and Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites ( Joshua 15:63; Judges 1:21), and the city only became the capital of the nation after about 450 years from the time of Joshua, when David made it his royal residence, and the sanctuary, near the center of his kingdom ( Ezekiel 5:5); leaving Hebron, where he had reigned 7 1/2 years. The seat of the religion had been before this at Shechem, Shiloh, Gibeah, Nob, and Gibeon. Zion was now called the and was soon enlarged by walls, strengthened by towers, and beautified by a palace for the king, built by the mechanics of Hiram, king of Tyre. After the ark, which had rested at Kirjath-Jearim 20 years after Eli’s death, was brought to Zion, David assumed the duties of priest as well as king, offering burnt-offerings and peace-offerings under a new tent in the citadel of Zion. The ark was only removed from here to the Temple of Solomon. David’s royal gardens were in the valley at En Rogel. David and most of his successors were buried in the citadel, but there are no traces of their tombs. (See page 71 in the book). The sepulchres of David were in or near Ophel ( Nehemiah 3:16; 12:37). The three great works of Solomon were the Temple, with its east wall and cloister, the Palace, and wall of Jerusalem (Josephus). Also a palace for his Egyptian wife; which was not on Zion ( 1 Kings 7:8; 9:24; 2 Chronicles 8:11). “All of these were costly stones, * * sawed with saws,” just such stone as is now found in the great quarry under the city, north of the Temple area, which may be sawed almost as easy as chalk; the buildings probably required for residences by the thousand women of Solomon’s house, who were of several nations and of different religions; the colleges for the several priests (very much such a state of things as is now found in the city, except that the various sects support themselves independently of each other); the 1,400 chariots, and 12,000 riding horses requiring stables; and besides all these, “all that he desired to build in Jerusalem and in Lebanon,” shows the activity of his reign. And we are compelled to notice that he also built shrines for Ashtoreth, Chemosh, and Milcom, pagan divinities, on the site now occupied by the village of Siloam, on that part of Olivet called the Mount of Corruption (1 Kings 11; 2 Kings 23); which Josiah destroyed, together with an image of Molech in Hinnom, 360 years after. The first relic that we have in our day of the time of Solomon is a part of the foundation wall of the Temple platform, lately uncovered, an outline sketch of which is in the margin. These are the kind of stones that were “sawed,” now very much harder, after long exposure. The Son of Sirach (and also Tacitus) speaks of a sea of waters that was under the Temple, and this was recently brought to light by Robinson and Barclay, (City of the Great King, 526). It is 736 feet in circuit,42 in depth, and capable of holding two million gallons. The columns were once covered with metal, but are now bare, or plastered stone. The rain from the mosque of Aksa and other buildings is drained into it. No fountain has been discovered. Under the southeast corner of the Temple area are many columns, arched over, supporting the platform above at its level, resting on the uneven surface of the original hill. The piers or columns are from 3 to 8 feet in diameter, from 5 to 23 feet apart, and there are 15 rows; and opening into this place, which is called Solomon’s stables, is a triple gate, under the Aksa mosque. West of these, under the actual temple site, now under the Aksa mosque, is another series of piers and vaults, which seems to have been built up from more ancient materials. Besides the citadel, now called David’s tower, there are scarcely any very ancient remains in the city that have not been thrown down and built up again several times. “Wilson’s” arch is one of a series forming an approach from Zion to the temple enclosure. Solomon’s aqueduct from the Pools above Etham passes over this arch, and under the street above his arch has at one time been used as a cistern. The rock was found on sinking a shaft 51 feet 6 inches below the floor. Below this room there were found vaults, tanks, etc., and a secret passage east and west, probably connecting the Temple with Zion. The extent of the filling up above the original rock can be seen from the plan, where the debris is 85 feet deep at the southwest corner of the Haram wall. The “chippings” of the stones and absence of any pieces of pottery, etc., show that this dirt, close to the wall, has never been disturbed since Hiram’s builders put it there. The spring of “Robinson’s Arch” is seen in its place; and the stones composing the arch were found by Lt. Warren buried under 40 feet of rubbish; one stone having broken through the roof of an aqueduct, lay on the rocky bottom at the depth of 63 feet. This plan is of the city as it now is; with a few signs indicating ancient works, sites of ancient walls, churches, towers, and other structures in different ages; as many as could be laid down without confusing the work. The city is small, but there is scarcely a place of any note, not even Nineveh or Babylon, that has been, to modern scholars, such a profound puzzle. The descriptions of Josephus are minute his knowledge being, exact and complete; and the hills on which the city stands are so marked and distinct from each other, that it seems almost marvelous that there could have been any difficulty, until we are reminded of the fact that during the Middle Ages, and especially during the Crusades, it was regarded as a peculiarly sacred city, and as such must needs have every event that is mentioned in the Bible as having happened in or near it located and honored with some monument, costly and showy in proportion to the importance of the event so honored. One of the most extensive of these monuments is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a collection of buildings in a vast mass, without order, 350 feet long by 280 wide, including 70 sacred localities, presided over by different sects in separate chapels inside the edifice. To describe these various “stations” would require a volume, and it has been already done completely by Bartlett (Walks about Jerusalem: Jerusalem Revisited); Barclay (City of the Great King); Thomson (Land and Book); in Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible; Kitto’s Cyclopaedia; by Tristram, and others. The numbers on the plan of the church indicate: 1. The entrance. 2. Chapel of the Angel; a small model of a church,10 feet wide and 20 feet high, standing under the great dome, built of marble, and containing The Holy Sepulchre 3. Is the “center of the world,” according to the Greeks (based on Ezekiel 5:5). 4. Latin church. 5. 49 steps of solid rock lead down to the Chapel of the “Finding of the Cross.” 6. Calvary; to which there is an ascent of marble steps from near 1. Although it is no proof of the truth of the traditions which locate the “stations” in this church, yet DeVogue and others (Sandys) give us a great mass of historical evidence that there has been a Church of the Holy Sepulchre for many ages in the city. The oldest engraved seal of the city is that here given, dated A.D. 1150; and here seems to have been a small church inside the larger one at that time, as there is now. The next one dated 1162-1172, gives the Tower of David and the Temple, besides the Sepulchre; which would favor the opinion of Fergusson, in Smith’s Dictionary (article Jerusalem), that Moriah, Zion, the City of David, and the Holy Sepulchre were all on the same hill, now called the Haram. The history is continued in the seal of Baldwin IV, 1174, with the inscription “Tower of David;” and also by many others, which may be seen in DeVogue’s work. The plan of the church of those ancient times is very much like that of the present day. That in Sandys, of 200 years ago, is almost identical. The Knights of John, the ruins of whose hospital are in the next block south of the Sepulchre Church, have left a seal of their order, which gives a hint of their objects and duties also. Jerusalem is now a sort of collection of churches and hospitals, with a great many vacant places strewed with ruins. Pilate’s house, where Jesus was judged, is located at the northwest corner of the Haram area, and it probably stood on the site of the Citadel of David. The Crusaders respected the Dome of the Rock, and held sacred service in it, but used the Aksa mosque for a stable, despising it as a work of Jews, the Temple of Solomon. It was so only in location, for El Aksa was built by the Muslims in the seventh century, on the site of the Temple of Solomon, whom they reverence among the prophets, as well as David, and also Jesus, the son of David. The twelve columns around the center (with four square piers at equal intervals) are of porphyry, and have gilded capitals; the canopy is of crimson silk. The outside of this church is eight sided, of marble, covered in the upper part with the finest glazed tiles, in colors, to the top of the dome, which is finished with a spire and bronze crescent. The piece of native rock, the top of which shows white in the picture, is 60 feet long by 55 feet wide, and 12 feet high above the floor at the highest point, and is hollowed out underneath, forming a large room, which is believed by many to have been the real sepulchre of Jesus, now very much enlarged. The Temple has so entirely disappeared, that “not one stone is left on another.” And, besides, its very location is still a matter of guesses and speculation. Several churches, a pagan temple, and other buildings, have occupied the platform for ages, and have disappeared, leaving very few traces. The first mention of a street in the city is in 2 Chronicles 29:4, where Hezekiah gathered the priests and Levites into the East street and his soldiers in the street of the City of David ( 2 Chronicles 32:5,6). The Bakers’ street is mentioned as that from which the prophet Jeremiah was to receive his daily allowance while he was in prison ( Jeremiah 37:21). The Cheesemongers’ street of Josephus is supposed to have been in the Tyropoeon valley. The circuit of the outer wall in the time of Christ was about four miles.

Josephus says (Wars, v. 4) there were many towers 30 feet square (some larger), and solid for a height of 30 feet. Above the base there were rooms for the soldiers; and over these again rooms and cisterns for water. There were on the third wall 90 towers, 300 feet apart; 40 on the middle wall, and on the old wall 60. Psephinus, the most northern, was on high ground, northwest of the city, was 105 feet high, and eight-sided. From its top could be seen the Jordan River and the Dead Sea eastward, and the Great Sea westward. The tower Hippicus was named by Herod after his friend; and Phasaelus after his (Herod’s) brother, and it was 135 feet high; finished inside and outside “like a royal palace.” Another was named after Mariamne, Herod’s queen. It was 75 feet high, and equally splendid. The Castle of Antonia, at the northwest corner of the Temple area, was built by John Hyrcanus. Pilate’s judgment-hall was in this castle, which was probably on the site of David’s citadel ( John 18:28; 19:9). The towers of Meah and Hananeel are also mentioned in Nehemiah 3:1; Jeremiah 21:38. The ancient plans located Stephen’s Gate on the north side of the city, at what is now called Damascus Gate. The view shows a few of the tombs and gravestones, of which there are thousands in this valley of Jehoshaphat. The lions on each side of the gateway may date from the Crusades. The water supply of the city has been remarkable in all ages for being sufficient in times of extreme drought, siege and famine. Hezekiah “stopped” some sources, which have remained hidden to the present; and it can only be supposed that they were north of the city ( 2 Chronicles 32:4, etc.). Nearly every house has its cistern, or several, large or small. But the one pool of all others was Bethesda, which was near the Sheepgate. The masonry is of large blocks of stone,18 to 20 inches square (A). (See the picture on page 38 of the book, ). The joints are hollowed out, and blocks 16 inches deep inserted half their length (B); the spaces between these blocks being filled by others 8 inches deep. Over these is a coarse plaster with gravel (D); and the inside finish is a thick coat of cement. The identity of this pool with that mentioned in the Gospel has been the source of many and long arguments, but the conclusion that it is the real Bethesda seems to be gaining in favor. Siloam is supplied by an underground passage from the Virgin Fountain, 1700 feet long. Recent explorations have discovered a water supply of the Virgin Fountain from a vault in the side of Ophel above it, shown in the plan and section here given. From this and many other recent discoveries it appears that Jerusalem is undermined with a series of water-courses, which are frequently alluded to by Josephus and ether ancient writers. In all the accounts of the sieges of the city we read of the besiegers suffering from thirst, but of the besieged from hunger only, since there never was a scarcity of water inside of the walls. The proof of the connection, by an underground passage, of the Fountain of the Virgin with the Pool of Siloam was obtained, with great labor and peril and imminent risk of life by Lieut. Warren, Sergeant Birtles and an Arab laborer. They were obliged to crawl along on their backs, carrying instruments, books and pencil, a lighted candle in the mouth, and in a stream of dirty water 12 inches deep, in a passage which was sometimes only 16 to 20 inches high. The passage is about 1700 feet between the two pools, crooked, and occupied the party about four hours in its exploration. Abundance of water was required in the Jewish public worship, a part of which was a ceremonial of ablution. The many sources of supply and the means of storing it for use during the dry season, sieges, and times of drought, may be seen in the following list of fountains, pools, etc. The brook Kidron. There was “a little river” in this valley, seen by Sir John Maundeville as late as 1322: the Maters of Gihon were called “the brook that flowed through the land,” and was brought straight down to the west side of the City of David ( 2 Chronicles 32:30). Solomon was anointed king at the lower fountain of Gihon ( 1 Kings 1:33-45), which was located somewhere between Acra, Bezetha, and Moriah, and not in Hinnom, as now stated (Barclay); the Gihon valley would then commence north of the Damascus Gate, and end in the Tyropoeon: Siloam; En Rogel; Motza (spring-head), Ain el Durrage (?), southeast of En Rogel; Dragon’s Well (in Hinnom, not far from the Jaffa Gate, the ancient Valley Gate); Aqueduct of Pilate, “whereby he brought water from a distance of furlongs” (Josephus, Wars, ii. ix. 4); the Stone Aqueduct described by Aristeus Solomen’s Pools at Etham, and the aqueduct from them to the city, giving off a branch to the Great Pool, now Lower Gihon. Barclay thinks Herod brought the water from Etham by a more direct route than Solomon, and supplied the Upper Gihon Pool, the Serpent’s Pool of Josephus. Pool of Hezekiah, built by Herod; a very large Pool near the Fish Gate (near Ann Church, Brocardus, in 1283; Lacus Quidam, not located; The Pool that was made somewhere in the Tyropeon, of which there are no traces; Ditch between Zion and Ophel — bears all the marks of having been an ancient pool; a large Pool (100 feet around, near the Absalom Pillar; the Well of Flagellation and two large tanks near Damascus Gate the “Sea” under the Temple site, into which there are eight well-holes, from the platform above; 43 well-mouths in the Haram area lead down to wells or reservoirs; Well of the Healing, in Valley street; the Pilgrim Pool, near the Herod Gate; Helena’s Cistern, in the Coptic convent; Cotton Megara Pool; Lady Mary Pool, near the Stephen Gate; Bath of Tiberius, on Zion, near the English Cemetery; several very large pools, or tanks, within a mile radius of the city, more or less in ruins; and the great number of cisterns, before mentioned, under private houses, into which rain-water is conducted. A picture of a siege of the city was found sculptured on a slab in the ruins of Khorsabad, (see the picture on page 104 of the book), in the “Retiring Chamber” of the palace, and is a concise and interesting record. At that time, it seemed that the brook Kidron was full of water, and there was a plenty of olive trees on the hills about the city. There are now but a very few trees near the walls, the most interesting being those in the Garden of Gethsemane. Titus cut down all the trees around Jerusalem, and his tenth legion was camped on Olivet, building their part of the wall surrounding the city, along the bottom of the valley of Kidron. The Turks have pleasure-grounds, or gardens, further up the valley (half a mile or so), where they resort to enjoy the cool shade of the olive-trees, some of which are quite as large as those in Gethsemane, and, it may be, as old. The antiquity of those in Gethsemane is argued from the tax, which is fixed by the Turks at one medina for each tree, which rate dates from before or at the time of their conquest; all those planted since everywhere in the empire being taxed one-half their produce. This would carry the date back to A.D. 634, when Omar took Jerusalem; or to the time when the Turks took it, A.D. 1087. There are no level streets, and the passenger is always ascending or descending, over rough and uncared-for ways. The houses are built of heaps of rubbish, which have been gathering for ages. The foundations for the Church of James (English) rest on piers, built up from the rock through 40 to 50 feet of debris. The streets are often very narrow, the widest being only eight to ten feet. The houses are often built across the street on arches; and the custom of shading them with awnings of mats or boards, suspended by ropes, makes them dark and cool, which is very grateful in that hot climate. Only two or three streets have a name, except such as are being adopted lately by the Franks, generally those used by the Crusaders. The materials used for building is the native limestone, generally broken into squares, not hewn, or sawn, except by the most wealthy. In many walls may be found fragments of ancient structures, such as cornices, columns, capitals, and mutilated sculptures, built in as raw material. Timber is only brought from other countries, and therefore very costly, and is only used for window-frames and doors, but not for floors or roofs. The windows are always small, and, if large enough to admit a thief, are barred with iron, and give the houses a jail-like appearance. Window-glass is only found in the houses of the rich. Only one door opens on the street, and there are no windows in the lower story opening on the street, secluding the houses, but making dismal streets. The interior of the rooms is pleasing, because of the arches and domes required in forming the upper stories and roof. The floors are frequently laid with colored stones, arranged in most beautiful patterns. The principal trade is in beads, crosses, incense, crucifixes, pilgrim-shells, staffs pressed flowers, and other keepsakes (besides relics, which are made in great quantities), with the thousands of pilgrims and other travelers, who visit the country every year. Soap-making, and weaving of coarse cotton cloth, are almost the only active manufactures in the city. A vast number live professedly on charity. There are separate bazaars, frequented by the different people: By the Jews, in the street near their great synagogue, on the east slope of Mount Zion; by the Turks, in David, Damascus, and Temple streets; by the Arabs, in Via Dolorosa (El Wad), near the St. Ann church; and by the Christians, in Patriarch street. The Cotton Bazaar was once a very grand structure, but it is now abandoned to rubbish, and only used as a passage-way to the Haram area. This short account of the “Holy City” would be still more incomplete without some brief notice of Solomon’s Temple, and its successors. Whatever we know about them is to be found in the First Book of Kings, in Jeremiah, in Ezekiel (who saw the first temple in a vision, Ezekiel 40), in Josephus, in Aristeas; and after these, the modern books of Williams, Robinson, Barclay, and Paine, in our language; and of those in foreign, the best is the German of Dr. Neumann, of Gotha (Die Stiftshutte). Mr. Paine’s plan is copied here, because of its simplicity, and seeming fidelity to the original, as critically and clearly interpreted by the author (Solomon’s Temple — T. O. Paine). Of the temple of Zerubbabel there is a very short account in Ezra, and in Hecataeus, quoted by Josephus. The size was a third larger than Solomon’s, but its ornamentation was less showy. The size of either was less than the average of our churches in the country villages. Josephus is almost the only authority for all we know about the Temple of Herod, which was the one seen by Jesus. There is not a word in the New Testament about its appearance, nor even its location. But it is supposed that while the figures of Josephus are correct as to the groundplan, his figures of the elevation are twice the real height (Antiquities, xv. 11, 3). The bridge on which Titus stood at the siege and destruction of the city (described by Josephus) had fallen long ago, but its remains have been discovered by Robinson and Lt. Warren, and minute accounts published. The view engraved here shows the spring of the arch, which rested against the temple wall (BR. in the plan of Herod’s Temple). The bridge was feet wide, and extended across the valley to Zion, 350 feet; probably resting on 5 or 6 arches. One of the stones, shown in the picture in the book, is 21 feet long, and another 29, by nearly 6 wide. The famous “Wailing-place” of the Jews (where they go to bewail the desolation of Zion) is a few rods north of this place. “The past of Jerusalem is overflowing with thought. But the future is equally impressive. These ruins are not always to remain. The future Temple, and the restored Israel, when “Jerusalem shall be the throne of the Lord to all nations,” claim the most earnest thought. The day when “the feet” of the Lord “shall stand on the Mount of Olives, which is over against Jerusalem toward the east,” is full of importance; and whether we look back or forward, we have to speak of Zion as “the joy of the whole earth,” for “salvation is of the Jews.” The present missionary work in Jerusalem is deeply interesting. * * But surely there is no spot on earth like Jerusalem.” — (Dr. Tyng).

Jerusha (“possessed” ) Daughter of Zadok, queen of Uzziah ( 2 Kings 15:33). In Chronicles the name is ( 2 Chronicles 27:1).

Jesaiah (Hebrew: Isaiah ). 1. Son of Hananiah, grand-son of Zerubbabel ( 1 Chronicles 3:21). 2. A Benjamite whose descendants were chosen by lot to reside in Jerusalem after the return from captivity ( Nehemiah 11:7).

Jeshaiah (“Jah’s salvation” ) 1. Son of Jeduthun, choir-leader in the temple, of the 8th division ( Chronicles 25:3). 2. A Levite, oldest son of Rehabiah, in the line of Amram ( 1 Chronicles 26:25). 3. Son of Athaliah and chief of the sons of Elam, who returned with Ezra ( Ezra 8:7). 4. A Merarite who returned with Ezra ( Ezra 8:19).

Jeshanah (“ancient” ) A town which, with its dependent villages, was one of the three taken from Jeroboam by Abijah ( 2 Chronicles 13:19). A place of importance in Benjamin, and now Ain Sinia, a well-watered village with vineyards, fruittrees and gardens (Rob. iii. 80), three miles north of Bethel.

Jesharelah (“upright toward El” ) Son of Asaph, chief of the 7th choir ( 1 Chronicles 25:14). .

Jeshebeab (“father’s abode” ) Head of the 14th course of priests ( 1 Chronicles 24:13).

Jesher (“upright” ) Son of Caleb by Azubah ( 1 Chronicles 2:18). .

Jeshimon (“desert” ) A more desolate region or place than a (wilderness), and applied to the plain and hillsides at the north end and on the west side of the Dead Sea. It consists of a level plain of nitrous earth, into which the feet sink several inches as into ashes, and hills of chalky limestone, without herbage, except a few alkaline plants and the usual fringe of the Jordan River. The Hill of Hachilah (“dark red cone”) may have been Sebbeh, (Masada), so well described by Josephus, as Metsadoth (strong-holds in 1 Samuel 23:19), and the word choresh (Hebrew for “wood” in Samuel 23:19) means a thicket, dense and thorny, such as is found along the shore there now.

Jeshishai (“son of the old man” ) Ancestor of the Gadites in Gilead ( 1 Chronicles 5:14).

Jeshua ( 1 ) (“Jah saves” ) or 1. Joshua the son of Nun ( Nehemiah 8:17). 2. A priest in David’s time, head of the 9th course ( Ezra 2:36). 3. A Levite in the reign of Hezekiah ( 2 Chronicles 31:15). 4. Son of Jehozadak, the first high priest after the return from captivity. His family succeeded for 14 times, down to Onias ( Ezra 2:2; Nehemiah 7:7). He took a leading part in the rebuilding of the Temple, and restoration of the nation. He was a man of earnest piety, patriotism, and courage. After a disuse for 50 years he restored the daily sacrifice on a new altar. 5. Head of a Levitical house, who returned from captivity ( Ezra 2:40). 6. A branch of the family of Pahath-Moab, of Judah ( Nehemiah 10:14).

Jeshua ( 2 ) Yeshua, south near Moladah, occupied after the return from captivity ( Nehemiah 11:26).

Jeshurun Symbolical name for Israel in Deuteronomy 32:15, etc., meaning most upright, or to be blessed, in an endearing sense also, as little one, or dear one, therefore good little people.

Jesiah (“Jah lends” ) 1. A Korhite, a hero with David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:6). 2. Son of Uzziel ( 1 Chronicles 23:20). Jeshiah (error) in 24:25.

Jesimiel (“whom El places” ) A Simeonite, of Shinei’s family ( 1 Chronicles 4:36). Jesse (yishai, “manly” ) Son of Obed, father of David. His name is never mentioned again, not even when David took his parents to Nahash in Moab for security from Saul ( 1 Samuel 22:3). He was grandson of Boaz, one of the wealthy ones in that favored place. His wife’s name is not mentioned. Tradition says that the king of Moab killed both Jesse and his wife, with their attendants.

Jesui (Hebrew: Issuai ). Son of Asher. The Jesuites were numbered in the plains of Moab ( Numbers 26:44). Jesus (Greek and Latin form of the Hebrew Joshua, or Jehoshua, “the help of Jah”, or “Saviour” ). 1. The father of , and grandfather of 2. The ( Ecclesiastes 1:27), author of the Book of , or the . He was also known as Ben Sira, a writer of proverbs which closely resemble those in Wisdom. 2. called (the just) A disciple Paul at Rome ( Colossians 4:11). Tradition makes him Bishop of Eleutheropolis. 3. The name Jesus means Saviour, and was a common name, derived from the ancient Hebrew Jehoshua. The title means anointed, consecrated, sacred, and is used only for the , who came in fulfillment of prophesy. The prophets, from the time of Moses, hold up to view an illustrious person who was to appear, and should belong to the highest order of being, since the name of the Eternal One is His; and he should also be called Wonderful, Counselor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father; that he should assume human nature and be born of a virgin of the family of David ( Isaiah 11:1), in Bethlehem of Judaea, ( Micah 5:2), and his mission should be the salvation of his people and all mankind ( Isaiah 49:6); that He should be despised and rejected of his people; be cut off, but not for himself; be wounded for men’s transgressions, bruised for their iniquities; by His stripes men should be healed (Isaiah 53); the Lord should lay on Him the iniquity of men; He should make his soul an offering for sin; and should be exalted and made very high; should see of the travail of his soul and be satisfied, and by his knowledge justify many; and Jehovah say to Him, “Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool” ( <19B001> Psalm 110:1); to Him should be given dominion, glory, and a kingdom, and all people should serve Him, — an everlasting dominion which shall not pass away ( Daniel 7:13,14): all of which has been completely fulfilled in Jesus, the son of Mary of Nazareth, who was divinely appointed to be the Messiah, from everlasting, before the foundations of the world ( Proverbs 8:23; 1 Peter 1:20; Luke 2). Jesus was born in Bethlehem, and though the Christian Era is dated from his birth, modern chronologists insist upon a date for the momentous event at least four years earlier — that is to say, about B.C. 4. Some say B.C. 6. Joseph and Mary were espoused and had gone up from Nazareth to answer to the census-roll ordered by Augustus, for taxation; and they came to Bethlehem because they were of the house of David. The event was announced by an angel to some shepherds who were watching their flocks by night in the field near the village; and the heavenly host, who were with the angel, praised God, saying, “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good-will toward men” ( Luke 2:14). The coming of Christ was an event of general expectation, and the Gentiles were next to the shepherd Jews in rendering homage to Him, in the visit of the Wise Men from the East, who brought offerings and rich presents ( Matthew 2:1). Herod the king, who is described as a cruel tyrant, having been made jealous of the wonderful child, who was born King of the Jews, ordered that all the children (about 12) in Bethlehem from two years old and under should be killed; and Jesus was saved only by Joseph hurrying him and his mother away to Egypt, where it is supposed that they stayed about a year. On the way from Egypt the family avoided Bethlehem and returned to Nazareth. When he was twelve years old, his parents took him with them to attend the annual feast of the Passover, when he was one day found in the Temple, questioning and answering the Jewish priests, and displaying astonishing wisdom ( Luke 2:47). The account of his childhood and youth, and even maturity, up to “about thirty years of age,” besides the incident in the Temple, is given in two grand sentences by Luke, indicative of the increase and development of the human powers, the spiritual being perfect from the beginning: “And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom, and the grace of God was upon him. And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man” ( Luke 2:40,52). The modesty and brevity of the Gospels on this part of the life of Jesus, is one great evidence of its truth, as compared with tales of fiction, wherein the hero is perfected in minute and wonderful details. Joseph (the reputed father of Jesus, and so called by his mother Mary, Luke 2:48), is not again mentioned in the Scriptures after this event. Whether he lived to witness the wonderful events and profit by the teaching of the Saviour, does not appear. The question of the family of Jesus, as to whether his mother Mary had any other children besides him, is unsettled, although Matthew distinctly mentions four brothers, besides sisters. Some have held that these were brothers and sisters-in-law, children of Joseph by a former wife, and others, that they were the children of the sister of Jesus’ mother, who was also named Mary, and was the wife of Clopas; this would have them to be cousins of Jesus. . The person, the life, and the work of Jesus are the subject of the whole New Testament, (and, in prophesy, of the Old), and, as a whole, are the historical and doctrinal foundation of Christianity. His life may be studied in several sections by students, as here arranged: 1. Birth, including the appearances to Zechariah, Elizabeth, Mary, and Joseph, and the birth of John the Baptist. 2. The witnesses of the Messiah — the Shepherds, the Magi and Herod. 3. Preparation and baptism. 4. Fasting, temptation and public manifestation in Galilee, Judaea and Samaria. 5. His offered proof of his divinity in his miracles, may by classed in two groups: (1). Of Love: In raising the dead. Curing mental disease. Healing the body. (2). Of Power: In creating; destroying; overcoming men’s wills. 6. The instruction in his discourses and parables. 7. Incidents showing the effect of his contact with various persons. 8. The scene of his ministry, of which details are given in the . Matthew, Mark and Luke’s records are mainly of the events in Galilee, never mentioning his visits to Jerusalem until the time near the crucifixion, and only implying such visits and teaching by his lamentations, and the visits of the scribes, etc., besides the intimacy with the family at Bethany.

John records a few acts in Galilee, and gives all the rest of his book to the events in Judaea — nearly one-half being about the last three months arid seven chapters (one-third), on the last few days. Neither writer attempted a complete chronology, but aimed at a general picture of the life. , in the 9. The duration of the ministry cannot be determined exactly. Those who interpret the prophesy of Isaiah literally, limit it to one year ( Isaiah 61:2). But John mentions six feasts, at five of which Jesus was present. 1. ( John 2:13), soon after his baptism; 2. ( John 5:1), a feast when he went up to Jerusalem; 3. ( John 6:4), and another, from which he stayed away, in Galilee; 4. ( John 7:2), the feast of Tabernacles, to which he went privately; 5. ( John 10:22), the feast of the dedication; 6. ( John 12:1; 13:1), and the last, the Passover, at which he was crucified — extending through three years. 10. And, while on this subject of time, it may be valuable to consider, by the help of the map, tracing each movement as closely as possible, the amount of labor, traveling — mainly on foot (or on animals) — that must be compressed into a single year, if the short period is chosen. The date of the birth of Jesus, and the month and the day, have each been the subject of much debate, without any definite settlement. The various opinions have ranged through four years of time, and have suggested nearly every month in the year. Tischendorf and Wieseler say that Jesus could hardly have been born before the first of January, A. U. C. 750; and suggest February as the latest date probable. Gresswell says that April 5 or 6 must be the day of his birth (A. U. C. 750). Dr. Robinson supposes it could not have been later than in the autumn of A. U. C. 749; while it may have occurred one or two years earlier; Lardner fixes the time about the middle of August or the middle of November, A. U. C. 748 or 749; Winer, Ideler and others say 747; Dr. Wordsworth says in the spring of 749 (B.C. 5); Clement of Alexandria says some placed the day on April 20, and others on May 20; the 25th of December as the day dates from the traditions of the 4th century. The life of Jesus combined in a three-fold character the offices of prophet, priest and king. His prophesies pointed both to the manner and the time of the mission and work of redemption; and, as John said, were really clear light shining his priestly office was shown in his vicarious atonement for the sins of men; and his kingly office appears in his royal power of subduing all men to his will for the good of his people. To his church he was also prophet, priest, and king above all others who had held either of those offices. He first said, “No one hath seen God at any time, the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him” ( John 3:16). Jesus founded a system of ethics, revised and over-ruled all the old systems of morals, and so purified the system that it will stand for all the coming ages without changing. This was done among those men who thought they were learned and wise, and that they needed only to extend Phariseeism or Essenism to perfect the moral system of mankind, when Jesus showed them that such ascetic notions were born in the desert and would die there. An obscure Galilean wood carver readily and surely did what so many eminent men had failed to accomplish — he laid the foundations of a universal religion — on a perfect morality, showing how the divine and human elements can be made to appear in harmonious action in every soul. He is therefore superior to all the prophets who preceded him. The priestly element was almost peculiar in Judaism. The Pharisees enlarged upon the hint of Moses and declared the whole people to be a nation of priests; but that the sacrifices and oblations (while so many fell short of the ceremonial purity) had to be offered by a mediating priesthood, and by them alone, as having immediate access to God, and only acceptable from them, while it was held to be blasphemy to attempt to change the institutes of Moses ( Acts 6:11,14,) even although the prophets had so distinctly said, something higher and purer was needed, and would be given from above, being brought by the Messiah, the great spiritual king, successor of David (Psalm 104). The sufferings and glory, struggle with temptation and sin, ransom paid, and atonement made, whereby the guilt of iniquity was to be forever atoned, and sacrifice and oblation cease, and a new temple consecrated ( Zechariah 6:12), in every heart, was the burden Jesus bore in his character and office of the great high priest (Heb 10). The necessity for his work was not seen until after it had been done, and he was gone from among men. His priesthood was more perfect than any before him. The Jews had expected a temporal king, a King of Zion, as announced in the letter of the prophets, the spiritual meaning being overlooked. The angel said to Mary that the throne of his father David should be given to him; the Eastern Magi inquired after him, and did obedience to him as King of the Jews ( Luke 1:32). Herod struck at the infant as at a pretender to his throne; John announced him as coming to set up the Kingdom of Heaven; and even when he declared before Pilate the spiritual nature of his kingdom, the Jews failed to see what sort of a King he was. However feeble and powerless he may have seemed then as a king before Pilate, and when wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe, succeeding history has proved his actual power among men, above and beyond all other kings, moving and controlling their hearts and minds, and this power is extending through. out the world, not by force or violence, but as gently and surely as the light of the sun. As a king he is more winning, powerful, more enduring, and more holy and good than any who have reigned before him. Christians in all ages have wished for some picture or figure of Jesus, which should represent the Saviour or the Man of Sorrows, and a great number of attempts have been made to represent one or the other of those phases of the great character: some with an expression of calm serenity and dignity, without grief; and others with the crown of thorns, purple rode, and face of sorrowful aspect. Except a few crude outlines, painted on the walls of sepulchres, (as in the Catacombs under Rome), or on tablets, or rude engravings of the early ages, no work or this kind, claiming excellence, can be dated earlier than Leonardo da Vinci’s or Raphael’s time, who have made the most acceptable works, from which nearly all others have been imitated; and even theirs were reproductions of the traditionary likeness, fashioned after the Greek model of the young herogod Apollo, or the Egyptian Serapis. The story that Pilate had a likeness engraved on an emerald is a fable, and the likeness in question is a copy from Raphael’s cartoon of the Miraculous Draught of Fishes. The likeness, the actual birthplace, the several places of his residence, of his crucifixion, and of the sepulchre have one and all been lost beyond all hope of authentic recovery. We know that he was born in Bethlehem, raised in Nazareth, began his work in Cana and Capernaum, was crucified and buried near Jerusalem, but the exact places have, perhaps by divine intention, been purposely forgotten.

Jether (“excellence” ) 1. Jethro, father-in-law to Moses ( Exodus 4:18), who is also called Hobab ( Numbers 10:31). 2. Gideon’s oldest son ( Judges 8:20). 3. Father of Amasa, general of Absalom’s army. ( Samuel 17:25). He was an Ishmaelite, or a Hebrew living among Ishmaelites. He married Abigail, David’s sister (probably in the land of Moab). 4. Son of Jada ( 1 Chronicles 2:32). 5. Son of Ezra, in the line of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 4:17). Ezra and Amram being one, this Jether may be Aaron, as some suggest. 6. Chief in Asher, father of Jephunneh ( 1 Chronicles 7:38).

Jetheth (“a tent-pin” ) A duke in Edom ( Genesis 36:40). There is a place called El Wetidah in Nejed (in the Dahna, sandy desert), and an El Wetid range of mountains, which may preserve the name of the ancient family, for Wetedeh is stable, firm, as a tent-pin.

Jethlah (“hanging” ) In Dan, near Ajalon ( Joshua 19:42). Lost.

Jethro (“superiority” ) . Father-in-law of Moses ( Exodus 4:18, 18:1), and also called Hobab ( Numbers 10:31; Judges 4:11). Reuel (Raguel) was the head of the family into which Moses married ( Exodus 2:18), but was probably his wife’s grandfather, for Hobab was his son ( Numbers 10:29). He became a convert to the worship of Jehovah, and sacrificed ( Exodus 18:12).

Jetur (“camp” ) Son of Ishmael ( Genesis 25:15). .

Jeuel (“El’s treasure” ) 1. Chief in Judah, of the sons of Zerah, at the first occupation of Jerusalem ( 1 Chronicles 9:6). 2. A son of Adonikam, returned from captivity (1 Esdras 8:39).

Jeush (“Jah hastens” ) 1. Son of Esau by Aholibamah ( Genesis 36:5). 2. Benjamite chief, son of Bilhan ( 1 Chronicles 7:10). 3. Levite of the house of Shimei ( 1 Chronicles 23:10). 4. Son of king Rehoboam and Abihail ( 2 Chronicles 11:18).

Jeuz (“Jah counsels” ) Benjamite chief ( 1 Chronicles 8:10). Born in Moab, son of Shaharaim and Hodesh. Jew Short form of (“people of Judah”) First mentioned in 2 Kings 16:6, when the king of Syria drives the (Jehudim) Jews from Elath. Jeremiah frequently uses it, perhaps because the tribe of Judah was very numerously represented in the captivity. In the New Testament the Jews are spoken of as the determined opponents of the gospel. The history of the Jews, as a people, may be divided into three eras: 1. From Abraham (or Heber) to the close of the collection of the Laws, originally oral, then written, B.C. 536; 2. ending A.D. 600, and 3. From then to the present. The chief interest to the Bible student is found in the history before A.D. 70, since which time the affairs of this people have had but little value in the world, as compared to them during the ages before. The influence of foreign people and native powers may be distinctly traced from age to age: of Persia, in organization, order, and the ritual; of Greece, by liberty and speculation; of the Asmonean leaders, in independent thinking and faith; of the Herods, the separation of the church and state, with the falling to pieces of the Jewish Church in favor of its successor, the Church of Jesus Christ.

Jewess Born a Hebrew, of any tribe ( Acts 16:1), as the mother of Timothy, and Drusilla, the wife of Felix ( Acts 24:24). . Jewish Paul warns Titus ( Titus 1:14) against Jewish fables. .

Jewry Judah, Judaea ( Daniel 5:13; Luke 23:5; John 7:1):

Jews’ Language Jewishly ( 2 Kings 18:26).

Jezaniah and . Jezebel (“chaste” ) Wife of king Ahab, mother of Athaliah, queen of Judah, and Ahaziah and Joram, kings of Israel. She was daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Zidonians, who had proved himself a powerful and wise king. Jezebel brought her religion with her, and transplanted it into the willing hearts of the Hebrews ( 1 Kings 16:31), and the king of Israel and his people adopted formally the worship of the Phoenician gods Elilah Camel Naboth, Jehu, and Jezreel, are names that recall the main points in her history, which may be read in those articles. Jezebel is charged with sorcery in the Old Testament ( 2 Kings 9:22), and in the New ( Revelation 2:20), where her name is used as the symbol of a wife given over to unholy practices. As human nature is the same from age to age, so do persons enact the same deeds over and again.

Jezer (“image” ) Son of Naphtali ( Numbers 26:49). Jezerites.

Jeziah (“Jah sprinkles” ) Of the family of Parosh; married a Gentile wife ( Ezra 10:25).

Jeziel (“El’s assembly” ) Benjamite with David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:3).

Jezliah (“Jah preserves” ) Benjamite, son of Elpaal ( 1 Chronicles 8:18).

Jezoar (“whiteness” ) Son of Helah, wife of Asher ( 1 Chronicles 4:7).

Jezrahiah A Levite, chief chorister at the dedication of the wall ( Nehemiah 12:42).

Jezreel ( 1 ) (“El has planted” ) Founder of Etam ( 1 Chronicles 4:3). “These are the families of the father of Etaus.”

Jezreel ( 2 ) (“what God plants” ) 1. At the west foot of Mount Gilboa, on a hill overlooking the great plain of Jezreel (Esdraelon, Judith 4:5). The hill is rocky and steep on the northeast side, and about 100 feet high. Carmel can be seen to the west, and the Jordan River valley to the east. There was a temple here to Astarte, with 400 priests, supported by Jezebel; Ahab’s palace (ivory house, Kings 23:39); a watch-tower ( 2 Kings 9:17), which maybe also the tower in Jezreel near which Pharaoh encamped when Josiah “went against him” and was wounded ( 2 Kings 23:25). The spring of Harod is about one mile east where the story of Gideon’s night adventure with lamps and pitchers is located, and also the defeat and death of Saul and Jonathan. To this city Elijah ran before Ahab from Carmel,12 miles; here Naboth was murdered, that Ahab might have his vineyard; and the “house of Ahab” (the whole family) were killed; and Jezebel was thrown from a window and eaten by dogs in the same field that was taken from Naboth. There are about a dozen poor houses and a ruined tower in the modern village, which is called Zerin. 2. A town in Judah, near Carmel ( Joshua 15:56). Here David took Ahinoam the Jezreelitess for his first wife ( 1 Samuel 27:3). 3. Oldest son of the prophet Hosea ( Hosea 1:4).

Jibsam (“pleasant” ) Son of Tola, of Issachar ( 1 Chronicles 7:2).

Jidlaph (“tearful” ) Son of Nahor ( Genesis 22:22).

Jimna Jimnah, oldest son of Asher ( Numbers 26:44). .

Jimnites Descendants of Jimna.

Jiphtah (“freed” ) Judah, in the Shefelah ( Joshua 15:43). Lost.

Jiphthah-El (“El opens” ), Jotapata (the same city) was besieged by Vespasian, held out, and stood a long time (B. J. iii. 7). Now Jefat, 12 miles northwest of Nazareth. The valley (gorge) of Abilin extends from near Jefat to the plain of Acre. It is inclosed with steep, wooded hills. Joab (“Jah his father” ) 1. Son of Zeruiah, David’s sister. He and his brothers Abishai and Asahel cast their lot with David ( 1 Samuel 22:3), and their history runs close to his. Joab’s native power and and martial deeds made him the most famous of the three brothers, and he was ambitious and crafty, jealous and revengeful, as is shown in his history as “captain of the host.” Joab earned his title of commander-in-chief at Jebus. The duel between 12 young heroes on each side, between the forces of Joab and Abner, took place at the pool of and brought on a general battle, which turned in favor of Joab and David’s forces. Abner quarreled with Ishbosheth and went over to David, when Joab killed him, treacherously pretending it was “in blood-revenge” for his brother Asahel, whom Abner had killed. David dared not punish Joab, because he and his two brothers were so useful to him in the army. In the war against Hanun, Joab made a speech which is justly noticed as a perfect model of military address: “Be of good courage, and let us play the men for our people and for the cities of our God, and the Lord do as seemeth him good,” ( 2 Samuel 10:12). It was in the second year of this war that Uriah was murdered by David, by the help of Joab. He also, at the close of the siege, sent for David, and gave him his share of the spoil, generously waiving his own right. Joab was very kind and generous to Absalom in restoring him to his father’s favor, after his flight from killing his brother Amnon, but was equally ready, to kill Absalom when in rebellion against David, especially since Absalom preferred Amasa as his commander. Joab met at the great stone in Gibeon, his cousin Amasa, who had been appointed commanderin- chief over him, and treacherously murdered him as he did Abner. David prayed often to be released from such a terrible man. He opposed David’s desire to number the people with true religious fervor ( 2 Samuel 24:3). In the last days of David, Joab joined Adonijah in rebellion to the king, but Solomon was proclaimed, and executed his father’s injunction, even taking Joab from the sacred sanctuary of the altar ( Exodus 21:14), and killing him by the hand of Benaiah. 2. Son of Seraiah, of Kenaz ( 1 Chronicles 4:14). 3. Sheikh of a family which outnumbered any other in the return from captivity ( Ezra 2:6).

Joachaz . The son of Josiah ( Matthew 1:11).

Joachim 1. and . 2. A high priest in the time of Baruch, at Jerusalem (Baruch 1:7).

Joacim 1. . 2. (1 Esdras 1:43). 3. Joiakim, the son of Jeshua (1 Esdras 5:5). 4. High priest in Jerusalem (Judith 4:6,14). 5. Husband of Susanna. .

Joadamus Joah (“Jah is helper” ) 1. Son of Asaph, historian to Hezekiah. Commissioned to treat with the Assyrian general Rabshakeh ( Isaiah 36:3). 2. Son of Zimmah ( 1 Chronicles 6:21), brother of Ethan ( Chronicles 6:42). 3. Son of Obed-edom ( 1 Chronicles 26:4), doorkeeper. 4. Father of Eden, assisted in Hezekiah’s reformation ( 2 Chronicles 29:12). 5. Son of Joahaz, a recorder or historian to Josiah ( 2 Chronicles 34:8).

Joaha (“Jah sustains” ) Father of Joah 5. Joanan. Johanan, son of Eliashib.

Joanna ( 1 ) (“Jah’s gift” ) Son of Rhesa ( Luke 3:27). Hananiah in 1 Chronicles 3:19?

Joanna ( 2 ) (“Jah’s gift” ) Wife of Chuza, Herod’s steward, contributed to the support of Jesus, and brought spices to put into the tomb where his body was laid ( Luke 8:3; 24:10). Joan.

Joannan Jehohanan, surnamed Caddis, oldest brother of Judas Maccabaeus (1 Macc. 2:2). Joash (“Jah gave”) 1. Father of Gideon, a wealthy man of the Abiezrites, who permitted the worship of idols, but also defended his son for destroying them (Judges 6). 2. Son of Ahaziah and the eighth king of Judah. The only child of Ahaziah who escaped the massacre by Athaliah, being saved by a pious aunt and kept in the temple for six years ( 2 Chronicles 22:11). Athaliah counseled the murder of all Jenoram’s relatives as a security against rebellion or conspiracy ( 2 Chronicles 21:4,6), and also advised her son Ahaziah ( 2 Chronicles 22:10), until his death, when she reigned for six years, until Joash was brought out. Pure religion was restored (except that some high places were not destroyed), sacrifice and contributions restored the temple. After 23 years, Jehoiada, the high priest, died: Joash had evil counselors and revived the worship of Baal and Ashtaroth, and being rebuked by a son of Jehoiada, Zechariah, he caused him to be stoned in the court of the temple ( Matthew 23:35). After an invasion by Hazael, king of Syria, who carried off a great sum in treasure, Joash was murdered in his bed by servants. The prophets Elisha and Joel lived in this age. He reigned for 40 years from B.C. 878 to 838. His name is omitted in Matthew’s genealogy. 3. Son and successor of Jehoahaz on the throne of Israel, B.C. 840-825 ( 2 Kings 14:1; comp. 2 Kigns 13:1 with 2 Kings 13:10) The kingdom was in a very reduced condition from the inroads of Hazael, and Joash, either from pity or policy, visited the prophet Elisha just before the prophet’s death, receiving from him a promise of success against the king of Syria, when the incident of the arrows occurred ( 2 Kings 13:14-19). He gained victories over Syria, and also over Judan, and carried off immense treasures from Jerusalem, and threw down 600 feet of the walls. 4. Several others of this name are only known in the lists. Joatham Jotham, son of Uzziah ( Matthew 1:9).

Joazabdus Jozabad, the Levite.

Job ( 1 ) (Hebrew: Yob, “convert” ) the third son of Issachar ( Genesis 46:13). Jashub in 1 Chronicles 7:1.

Job ( 2 ) (Hebrew: IYOB, “afflicted” ) The hero of the ; see .

Jobab (YOBAB, “howling ). 1. Son of Jokban ( Genesis 10:29). The etymology points to a district or locality which is a howling desert, and may be anywhere in the desert region of Arabia, south. 2. King of Edom ( Genesis 36:33), in the line of Esau, son of Zerah of Bozrah. The Septuagint identifies this king with Job, the suffering patriarch. 3. King of Madon, routed by Joshua at Merom ( Joshua 11:1). 4. Chief in Benjamin.

Jochebed (Hebrew: , “Jah’s glory ). The aunt and wife of Amram, and mother of Moses and Aaron ( Exodus 6:20). The Septuagint says “cousin” instead of aunt.

Joda Judah the Levite in 1 Esdras 5:38 ( Ezra 3:19); Hodaviah ( Ezra 2:40); Hodevah ( Nehemiah 7:43); Hodijah ( Nehemiah 10:10); Sudias (1 Esdras 5:26).

Joed (“Jah is witness” ) Son of Pedaiah, a Benjamite ( Nehemiah 11:7).

Joel (“Jah is El” ) 1. The prophet. . 2. In 1 Chronicles 6:36 an error for Shaul of 1 Chronicles 6:24. 3. Oldest son of Samuel, the prophet ( 1 Samuel 8:2), and father of Heman, the singer. He and his brother Abiah were judges in Beersheba, and disgraced their office by corruption, bribes, and perverted judgment. A singular error of some copyist has occurred in 1 Chronicles 6:28, where instead of Joel, Vashni is given as a name; the word vashni (VESHENI) means “and the second.” The word may also mean (VESHNE) Jah is strong, as Joel is sometimes rendered, and so be used as a substitute. 4. Chief in Simeon ( 1 Chronicles 4:35). 5. Son of Hanoch, in the line of Carmi, in Reuben ( 1 Chronicles 5:4). 6. Chief in Gad ( 1 Chronicles 5:12). 7. Son of Izrahiah, in Issachar, general of a division of 36,000 ( Chronicles 7:3). Son of Uzzi, according to the Syriac. Seven others of this name were not very noted, except as leaders and officers about the temple.

Joelah (“Jah kelps” ) Son of Jeroham of Gedor, with David at Ziklag.

Joezer (“Jah’s help” ) With David among the Philistines ( 1 Chronicles 12:6 Jogbehah (“elevated” ) 1. Built and fortified by the tribe of Gad ( Numbers 32:35). Mentioned with Jaazer and Beth Himram, and now called Jebeiha, four miles north of Amman (Burck. Rob.). 2. In the account of Gideon’s pursuit of the Midianites Judges 8:11). Gideon’s route can be traced to a ( ). The village of Jabieh, near Tell Jabieh, a few miles northeast of Fik, is the ancient Jogbehah.

Jogli (“exiled” ) Father of Bukki, chief in Dan ( Numbers 34:22).

Joha (“Jah revives” ) 1. Son of Beriah, a Benjamite ( 1 Chronicles 8:16). 2. One of David’s guard, a Tizite, son of Shimri ( 1 Chronicles 11:45). Johanan (“Jah’s gift” ) 1. Son of Azariah in the line of Zadok ( 1 Chronicles 6:9), high priest in Rehoboam’s reign. 2. Son of Elioenai, in the line of Zerubbabel ( 1 Chronicles 3:24). 3. Son of Kareah, captain in the siege of Jerusalem, and one of the first to submit to the Chaldean governor. He arrested the murderers of this governor ( Jeremiah 40:8; 41:11). He, with others, passed a night at the Khan of Chimham (see ), and settled in Egypt ( Kings 25:23). Eight others of this name were but little known.

Johannes (1 Esdras 9:29 ). Jehohanan in Ezra 10:28.

John Short form of Jehohanan (“Jah’s gift”). 1. Father of Mattathias, of the Maccabees (1 Macc. 2:1). 2. Oldest son of Mattathias; Caddis (1 Macc. 2:2; 9:36). 3. Father of Eupolemus, Envoy to Rome (1 Macc. 8:17). 4. Son of Simon (1 Macc. 13:53). 5. Envoy to Lysias (2 Macc. 11:17). 6. One of the high priest’s family who sat in judgment, with Annas and Caiaphas, on the Apostles Peter and John ( Acts 4:6). Rabbi Johanan ben Zaccai, president of the Great Synagogue at Jamnia. 7. Surname of Mark ( Acts 12:12). 8. Was a native of Bethsaida, on the Sea of Galilee, the son of Zebedee and Salome. He was acquainted with the character of Jesus as the Messiah before the call to be an apostle. In company with his brother James, and Peter he was specially favored by Jesus on several occasions: at the Transfiguration; the restoring of Jairus’ daughter; in the garden Gethsemane; and (including Andrew) at the discourse on the fall of Jerusalem. He was mistaken, with the others of the twelve, in his idea of the temporal mission of the Messiah; and with James joined his mother in the ambitious request for places of dignity and honor. He and James were called Boanerges, for their zeal. John was called also the and the , from his writings. His family could not have been poor, because they kept servants, and contributed to the support of Jesus; and he received Mary into his home at Jerusalem, after the crucifixion. He also enjoyed social privileges, and the acquaintance of the high priest. Jesus loved John, who was the youngest of the twelve. Twice he showed himself to him as the Lord, by a miracle touching his own occupation, that he could understand without doubt. He was probably more intimate with him than any other, as the leaning on his bosom at the supper would indicate. After the ascension Paul found him living in Jerusalem, where he was a pillar in the church; and he was yet there when Paul was in Ephesus, A.D. 58. After Paul left Ephesus, John was sent there, about A.D. 65. From there he is believed to have been taken to Rome during one of the persecutions of the time, where he was thrown into boiling oil, from which he emerged unscathed. He was exiled to Patmos, where he wrote the Apocalypse, about A.D. 96. (Patmos and 7 Churches). Polycrates (A.D. 200) calls him a martyr, but does not record either the time, place, or manner of his death. His letters give evidence of a large diocese, requiring many journeys of pastoral visitation. He is described as a mild man, affectionate almost to effeminacy; but as a true Oriental, sometimes firing up as in the case of the Samaritans, when they rejected Jesus. 9. Son of Zacharias, and Elisabeth ( Luke 1:5). Birth foretold in their old age by an angel; preceded our Lord’s by six months. Dwelt alone in barren region west of Dead Sea; his dress of woven camel’s hair, his food, locusts and wild honey. When he emerged to preach the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins, crowds gathered because of his preternatural birth, his life and the expectation that some great one was about to appear (Matthew 3). Baptized Jesus. Reproved Herod for taking to himself Herodias, wife of his brother Philip; cast into prison by Herod ( Luke 3:20), and beheaded at behest of Salome, prompted by her mother Herodias, when Herod, charmed by her grace, promised her whatsoever she would ask ( Matthew 14:1-12).

Joiakim From Jehoiakim. High priest, son of Jeshua ( Nehemiah 12:10).

Joiarib From Jehoiarib. Three of this name, but little known.

Jokdeam (“by the people” ) City in Judah, near Hebron ( Joshua 15:56).

Jokim . Son of Shelah son of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 4:22).

Jokmeam (Kitzaire in Joshua 21:22 ). In the Jordan River Valley, near the east end of Esdraelon ( 1 Kings 4:12).

Jokneam (“had by the people” ) City in Zebulon ( Joshua 21:34). Tell Kaimon near the east end of Carmel.

Jokshan (“fowler” ) Son of Abraham and Keturah ( Genesis 25:2), whose sons were Sheba and Dedan. The Arabs have a Yokshan in Shelf literature, but there is no trace of connection with the son of Abraham.

Joktan (“made small” ) Son of Eber ( Genesis 10:25), father of the Joktamte Arabs in the south of Arabia. Their dwelling was from Mesha to Sephar, a mount of the East ( Genesis 10:30). The ancestor of the southern Arabs was , who is said to be i the same as Joktan. The Jewish tradition may have been adopted by the Muslims. There is undisputed evidence of the settlement of Joktan’s sons in that region, who founded a great kingdom which existed for ages before our era and was renowned in the world of classical antiquity.

Joktheel (“subdued by El” ) 1. City in the Shefelah of Judah ( Joshua 15:38), near Lachish, now Keitulaneh. 2. The cliff Selah, the stronghold of the Edomites ( 2 Kings 14:7; Chronicles 25:11-13).

Jona or (PETER).

Jonadab . Son of Shimeah, nephew of David ( 2 Samuel 13:3). He was “very subtle,” and a friend of his cousin Amnon, heir to the throne, and gave him the fatal advice concerning his sister Tamar, and he knew of Absalom’s purpose to kill Amnon ( 2 Samuel 13:32).

Jonah (YONAH, “dove” ) Son of Amittai, of Gath-hepher, in Zebulon. , in the .

Jonan Son of Eliakim ( Luke 3:30). . Jonas Greek for Jonah. Jonathan (“Jah gave” ) . 1. Oldest son of Saul the king. He is first mentioned at the age of 30, when his father was made king ( 1 Samuel 13:2). He was married, and had one son, Mephibosheth (if no more), born about five years before his death ( 2 Samuel 2:8, 4:4). He was the heir to the throne. His courage was shown in the night exploit at Michmash, and his strength and skill in the use of the bow and spear ( 2 Samuel 1:22). He was a friend to David, and stood between him and his father as a peacemaker. The story of the friendship of David and Jonathan is one of the most pathetic in history. The people knew his value and sustained the elders in saving his life when in danger from Saul’s foolish vow. He nobly yielded his own expectations of the kingdom to David, whom he believed to have been divinely selected, He perished with his father on Gilboa (1 Samuel 31). David sung a eulogy over their graves that is unmatched for pathos and elevation ( 2 Samuel 1:13). Jonathan’s son Mephibosheth was cared for by David in his own family. 2. A Levite, son of Getsnora, who after the death of Joshua, impiously served as a priest, first to Micah, and then to the Danites in Dan Laish ( Judges 17:18). 3. Son of Abiathar the priest, who took an active part in Absalom’s revolt, aiding David as a spy ( 2 Samuel 15:36; 17:17); and also in the revolt of Adonijah ( 1 Kings 1:42). 4. A soldier, son of Shimcab, and nephew to David, who killed a gigantic Philistine of Gath ( 2 Samuel 21:20). 5. Uncle to David, “a counselor a wise man, and a scribe,” ( Chronicles 27:32). The word uncle, means any near relation, or even a friend ( Isaiah 5:1). 6. Son of Jashen, a hero ( 2 Samuel 23:32), who may be the one called the son of Shage, the Hararite ( 1 Chronicles 11:34). Nine others of this name are mentioned, one of whom owned the house in which Jeremiah was in prison ( Jeremiah 37:15).

Jonath-Elem-Rechokim The name of a musical instrument which produced soft, mellow sounds, and found only in the title of Psalm 56, as a direction to the choir leader. Joppa (YAFA, “beauty” ) In Dan on the seashore, a seaport in Solomon’s time ( Joshua 19:46; 2 Chronicles 2:16). The cedar for the two temples, Solomon’s and Zerubbabel’s, and the palaces of David and Solomon was landed here ( Ezra 3:7). Jonah embarked here when trying to escape from the unpleasant mission to Nineveh. During the wars of the Maccabees it was a stronghold (1 Macc. 10:75). Peter’s “vision of tolerance” was on a housetop in this city ( Acts 10:9-18). A Christian bishop resided here until the Saracens took the place. Pilgrims from all lands have landed here for many ages to go up to Jerusalem. It was taken and retaken many times during the crusades Saladin destroyed and Richard (Lionheart) rebuilt the fortifications. In the thirteenth century there was not a house entire on the site. It has now 5,000 people, 3 convents, Greek, Latin, and Armenian, and several mosques. The bazaars are interesting and antique. The city is on a hill, close to the sea, and is surrounded by miles of orchards — orange, lemon and many other fruits, besides gardens, which are scarcely surpassed. The poet Ovid located here the beautiful myth of Andromeda and the seamonster, a poetical allusion to the rocky barriers of the port, which to this day make approach to Joppa impossible by sea in a storm.

Jorah (“watering” ) Ancestor of a family of 112 who returned from captivity ( Ezra 2:18). Hariph in Nehemiah 7:24.

Jorai (“Jah teaches” ) A Gadire ( 1 Chronicles 5:13).

Joram . Jordan (“the descender” ), Hebrew: Yarden; Arabic: El-Urdon, descender, and Esh-Sheriah, the watering-place. The largest river in Palestine. Rises in Mount Hermon and empties into the Dead Sea. The sources are in the south, west and northwest slopes of Hermon, whose melting snows supply the fountains, some of which are so copious that each one of three forms a full stream at once. These three are: the Hasbany, the most northern, longest and muddiest; the Leddan (Arabic: El-ed-Dan), the largest but shortest; and the Baniasy (of Paneas) the clearest. There are, also, a fountain and stream from Ijon; one from Belat, three miles northwest of the Huleh lake another from Ain Mellahah one mile north W.; all of which are perennial, and large enough, each one, to turn a mill. About a mile south of Hasbaiya the fountain of Shiba, five miles up the slope of Hermon, sends a stream north of the hill on which stands the Pagan temple of Hibbariyeh in ruins; another stream from the same direction is the Lusiany, and flows into the Jordan River at El Gujar, after coursing around the ruined castle of Bostra. These streams flow in deep, rocky channels, several feet below the general level of the country. The slopes of Huleh, and flowing west from its south angle, tumbles down a rocky ravine, with cliffs on each side, full of rapids, sinking 700 feet in miles, to the Sea of Galilee. From the south of this sea the Jordan River flows in a channel 100 feet wide, rocky, winding, always descending; falling over about forty cascades and rapids, sinking 600 feet in 60 miles, in a straight line, but making nearly 200 by its windings, to the Dead Sea, where it is a shallow stream, 500 feet wide, and deep in the rainy, or shallow in the dry season. The surface is there 1,300 feet below the ocean. ( ). The tributaries below Genessaret on the east are the Yarmuk (Jabbok?), miles south of the sea, 120 feet wide and 4 feet deep; and the Jabbok, which has two outlets into the Jordan River, about midway between the two seas. There are many winter torrents, dry in summer, and several fountains, as at Pella, Wady Sheriah, Nimrin. on the east; and on the west, Bethshan (from the well of Harod), Salim, Wady Ferrah (from Mokhua), Wady Fasail, Wady Nemairah, Wady Kelt, and the Fountain of Elisha at Jericho, besides many small and nameless fountains and streams on both sides. This section is the only part referred to in the Bible. Nearly the whole course is below the ocean level. The Fountain at Hasbaiya — 1,700 feet above sea level The Fountain at Paneas — 1,147 feet above sea level. The Fountain at Dan — 350 feet above sea level. Lake Huleh — 100 feet above sea level. The Sea of Galilee — 650 feet below sea level. The Dead Sea — 1,312 feet below sea level. Jordan Valley ( ) is a long, narrow plain, north to south, bordered by steep and nearly parallel ridges; Gilead on the east, rising 3,000 to 5,000 feet, and Samaria, on the west, rising from 2,000 to 3,000 feet; and is about 6 miles wide in the northern part, widening to 10 or 12 miles at Jericho. The sides are not regular, but are broken by ridges, or spurs, from the mountains, which run out into the plain at several places, indicated on the map, as at Bethsban, and (Zarthan). in . The surface is not level, but lifted into low hills and ridges. The map shows the course of the river through the Ghor as very winding. The upper Jordan River, above the lake and marsh Huleh, is fordable in many places, the brooks being shallow, with stony beds. In the rainy season they often overflow, and are then impassable for a few days at a time. south of the lake Huleh there is more water, and the fords are fewer. Just north of the Sea of Galilee, near Bethsaida Julias, there is a ford over sand-bars in the dry season. The road from Damascus into Galilee passes over a bridge about 2 miles south of the Huleh, called Jacob’s Daughters (after a mythical race, said to live in oak trees), 1/2 a mile south of the Sea of Galilee there is a Roman bridge, in ruins, and a ford called . The bridge Mejamia is Saracenic, 5 miles further south, but there is no ford. There is no mention of a bridge over the Jordan River in the Scriptures, and the Mejamia is the only one now in use, south of the Sea of Galilee. Opposite Bethshan the river is fordable in the dry; season. Near Succoth, Just north of Wady Yabesh (Jabesh), there is an island with sand-bars on each side, forming a ford in summer. This is probably the Bethabara of Judges 7:24. south from this place to the mouth of the Jabbok there are several fords at low wafer. Ten miles south of the Jabbok is the ford on the Shechem Esther Salt road, and traces of a Roman bridge. There is a ford both above and below the pilgrim’s bathing-place, opposite Jericho. The upper one, called El Mashraa, is the supposed one crossed by Joshua. The banks of the river are fringed with trees, flowering shrubs, cane and reeds; oleanders, hollyhocks, purple thistles, marigolds, anemones, willows, tamarisk, cedar, arbutus, aspen, and ghurrah; where beasts and birds in great numbers find shelter.

Jorim Son of Matthat ( Luke 3:29).

Jorkoam (“people spreading” ) City near Hebron ( 1 Chronicles 2:44).

Josabad Soldier with David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:4). Josaphat for Jehoshaphat in Matthew 1:8. Jose Son of Eliezer ( Luke 3:29).

Josedee . Joseph (“he will increase” ) 1. The son of Jacob by Rachel, was born in Haran, (near Damascus?) B.C. 1726. Of his youth, up to the age of 17, we know nothing; but at that age he had so excited the envy and hate of his brothers, by simply receiving his father’s gifts and attentions, and by telling his ominous dreams, and also by his acts of filial fidelity, that his brothers, prompted by Judah, sold him for a slave at Shechem, for twenty shekels of silver, to a band of Ishmaelites, who took him to Egypt (Genesis 30; Genesis 37). Reuben had Intended to rescue Joseph, and had him east into a dry pit, from which he might be taken afterward; but he was too late. His coat (of many colors) was a long tunic with sleeves, striped or embroidered. ( ). The brothers dipped this in a kid’s blood, and sent it to Jacob, who was deceived by the trick, and believed Joseph had been killed by some wild beast. The merchants sold him to Potiphar (chief of the executioners), a native of Egypt, and an officer of the Pharaoh (B.C. 1709), in the reign of Thothmes III, whose ring is engraved on page 7 in the book (Genesis 39). In Potiphar’s house he prospered, rising to the highest position of honor and confidence. Being tempted by his master’s wife, and honorably denying her request, he was falsely accused by her, and thrown into prison. Here he again prospered, and was advanced to the charge of all the other prisoners ( <19A517> Psalm 105:17-18). While in the prison, two other prisoners, a butler and a baker, dreamed dreams which Joseph interpreted (Genesis 40). These accounts are interesting, because they agree with the manners of the ancient Egyptians, as recorded on their monuments (Ancient Egypt 2:152). Joseph begged the butler, when he should he restored to favor, as he showed from his dream, to think of him, and speak of him to the Pharaoh; but he did not do so ( Genesis 40:13-16,23), until the Pharaoh dreamed two prophetic dreams, which found in Joseph a successful interpreter, upon the recommendation of the butler ( Genesis 41:9-14). He was then released, after two years’ confinement. The dreams foreboded the approach of a seven years’ famine; and on consultation with his advisers, Joseph was chosen by the Pharaoh to exercise full power over all Egypt, except the throne, as one whose wisdom was of divine origin, in token of which he put his ring on Joseph’s hand, invested him with royal garments, and gave him a new name, Taphnath-paaneah (“saviour of the world”); and gave him for a wife Asenath, daughter of Potipherah, a priest of On. He was now thirty years old. His two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, were born during the seven years of plenty. His wisdom appeared when the famine was known to extend to “all lands” i.e. bordering on Egypt, and their people came to buy grain in Egypt ( Genesis 41:56-57). Among others, the ten brothers of Joseph came also, aria he recognized them; but they did not know him, for he had probably, adopted the dress and speech of Egypt, and besides, the boy of seventeen that they sold for a slave was now a man over thirty, and a governor. Joseph severely tried and punished his brothers by calling them spies, putting them in prison for three days, and detaining one (Simeon) while the others returned with grain to Canaan, with orders to bring Benjamin down to Egypt. But even while pretending, this severity his good heart caused him to weep; it may be as much from joy at seeing them, as from anxiety about Benjamin and his father. As soon as Benjamin came his manner changed — with difficulty only could he act longer in a false character, and he gave orders to prepare for them to dine with him at noon (hiding himself to weep in his room). The account of the dinner agrees exactly with the monuments as to the customs of the Egyptians, which were also adopted by the Jews. Joseph was served by himself — his brethren by themselves, and the Egyptians also apart by themselves; and when each one was seated in order, according to his birthright, Simeon being released and with them, they wondered that anyone should know their ages. Joseph wished to try how far his brothers would be faithful to his father, and laid a plan to trap them and detain Benjamin by putting a cup in Benjamin’s sack. On being arrested when a little way out of the city, and brought back before Joseph, with Benjamin as the detected criminal, Judah showed the deepest regard for his aged father’s feelings, and offered himself a ransom, that Benjamin might return to him. This, in the Scripture, is one of the most touching passages in the whole course of literature ( Genesis 44:18-34). Joseph could bear it no longer, but made himself known to his brothers, and then his first question was, “Is my father alive?” and he hastens to relieve them of anxiety and fear, by showing them that it was God’s providence that sent him to Egypt to prepare the way for their salvation from death by famine (Genesis 45—46). Pharaoh gave Joseph leave, and ordered him to bring his father and his household into Egypt; and accordingly they were brought and settled in Goshen, where Joseph met his father, honored him by presenting him before the king, and sustained him and his through the remaining years of famine ( Genesis 47:12).

Joseph’s prudence and policy made Pharaoh absolute master and owner of all Egypt, except the priest’s land, by the sale of the stores which had been laid up during the years of plenty. This is the greatest social revolution recorded in history — the reduction of an entire nation to slavery or dependence by famine ( Genesis 47:13-26). Jacob died, and Joseph had his body embalmed and carried to the cave of Machpelah ( Genesis 50:13).

Joseph’s brothers feared him after his father’s death, and coming near, begged his forgiveness, when he made the noble reply: “Fear not; I will nourish you and your little ones.” He lived to the age of 110 years, and saw Ephraim’s children to the third generation; and Manasseh’s also were brought up on his knees. When he died, they embalmed his body, and put it in a coffin in Egypt. (B.C. 1616.) He had reminded them of God’s promise to bring them again into Canaan, and required them to carry his bones with them widen they went. So, they carried the body in the desert for forty years, and laid it in its final restingplace at Shechem ( Joshua 24:32). Joseph is above all others the purest character known to history, (always excepting Jesus). Unlike David, Solomon, and any other, he left only good reports of his heart and hands. His trials, resistance to temptation, degradation, exaltation, saving his people, and confounding his enemies, mark him as a type of the Christ. 2. Joseph the son of Heli, the husband of Mary, and the legal father of Jesus (Matthew 1). The first fact we learn of him is his descent from David. He is then mentioned as the betrothed husband of Mary. This custom of espousal was the beginning of marriage, and was made by the parents if the parties were underage. It was a public and formal proceeding, confirmed by oaths, and presents to the bride ( Genesis 24:22,53). Twelve months were allowed to pass before the marriage ceremony; and the betrothal could only be broken off by a bill of divorce. Mary was the daughter and heir of Joseph’s uncle, Jacob. The age at which marriage was legal was 18; but probably, then as now, in Palestine, many married much younger — from 12 years upward; so if this was a first marriage, with Joseph as well as Mary, they were most probably under 20 years, and it may be that Mary was only 15 to 18. During the twelve months after the betrothal, Joseph was grieved at the discovery that Mary was with child, and intended to divorce her as privately as possible; but being reconciled by divine instruction in a dream, he accepted her as his wife. Mary pore several children to Joseph, two of whom became believers after the crucifixion, and James was the first Christian bishop of Jerusalem. We have also the names of Joseph, Simon, and Jude. Of the daughters no names are given ( Matthew 1:18,24,25; 13:55,56; 26:56). Joseph was an artisan of some kind (the original Greek word meaning smith, or maker of articles out of any material); and it is probable that he was a carver of wood for interior decoration (a carpenter), and that his son Jesus was taught the same trade. All handicraft were held in honor, and they were learned and followed by the sons of the best men. The decree of Augustus Caesar, taxing all the people, required them to appear for that purpose at their proper places, according to their tribes; so Joseph and Mary were at Bethlehem (if they did not reside there) when Jesus was born. At the proper age for presenting the child in the temple, Joseph went with the child and his mother, and heard Simeon’s and Anna’s prophetic words. He was also present when the magi visited the child; and being warned in a dream, “took the young child and his mother at night and departed into Egypt.” On his return, after Herod’s death, “he turned aside” and dwelt at Nazareth. When Jesus was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem, to the annual feast of the Passover, and the incident of the child among the doctors occurred. Joseph is not mentioned again in the gospels after this time. It is supposed that he died before the crucifixion, from the words of Jesus when on the cross, recommending his mother to the care of the beloved disciple ( John 19:26). The question of his neighbors at Nazareth, as recorded by Mark, seems to indicate that he was then dead. 3. Joseph of Issachar, one of the spies ( Numbers 13:7). 4. One who had married a Gentile wife ( Ezra 10:42). 5. Four of the ancestors of Jesus had this name ( Luke 3:23,24,26,30). 6. Of Arimathea. All we know of him is that he had some wealth, and was a member of the Sanhedrin, a secret disciple of Jesus, and that he appeared for a time, taught one great lesson, and was heard of no more. lie was looking and waiting for the Messiah; did not consent to the judgment against Jesus, and begged for his body, that it might be properly buried. A tradition says he went to England, and settled there, near Glastonbury. Joseph called Barsabas (son of the old man, or wisdom ). Nominated but not chosen to fill a vacancy in the twelve ( Acts 1:23). Also called Justus. The fact that he was nominated to be an apostle shows that he had seen Jesus, heard and believed, and had been with the others, perhaps constantly. Eusebius says he was one of the seventy.

Joses (“Jesus” or “Joseph” ) 1. Son of Eliezer ( Luke 3:29). 2. Brother of Jesus ( Matthew 13:55). 3. Joses Barnabas ( Acts 4:36).

Josephus (Greek-Latin form of Joseph ). is the ancient historian, whose works were composed from materials found in the Scripture, the Apocrypha, the Targums, and in Jewish traditions. It is believed that he intended to tell the truth so far as he knew, except when the Jewish people, or the Roman power were to be flattered, when his text was colored for that purpose. This may be the reason why he so carefully omitted any account of Jesus and his teachings, which must have caused a great commotion in the Jewish church, if considered only in the light of a new sect — the Nazarenes. Recent explorations confirm his statements in matters of history, except in minute figures, in which exaggeration seems to have been sometimes the design.

Joshah (JOSHAVIAH, “Jah lets dwell ). Chief in Simeon. Son of Amaziah ( 1 Chronicles 4:34). Joshaphat (JEHOSHAPHAT ) the Mithnite, a hero in David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 11:43).

Joshaviah (“Jah lets dwell” ) Son of Elnaam, one of David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 11:46).

Joshbekashah (“Jah sits firm” ) Son of Heman, leader of the 16th choir ( 1 Chronicles 25:4).

Joshebbassebet (“the people turn to Jah” ) The Ethnite (in the margin of 2 Samuel 23:9).

Joshua ( 1 ) (“Jah his help” ) (The same in the Hebrew as the original of Jesus). The son of Nun, and successor of Moses as leader of the people. His name was first Oshea ( Numbers 13:8), and in the New Testament he is called Jesus ( Acts 7:45; Hebrews 4:8). He was of the tribe of Ephraim ( 1 Chronicles 7:27). He is first mentioned in Exodus 17, at the time of the attack of the Amalekites, but in such a manner as to convey that he was well known before; and Moses at that time indicated him as his successor by giving him a new name (or title), Jehoshua (salvation). He was one of the twelve spies ( Numbers 13:16). He opposed Aaron’s calf-worship, and he with Caleb were the only two souls excepted from the judgment of wandering and dying without seeing Canaan, and was specially selected even when Moses was rejected at the waters of Meribah-Kadesh. He did not originate, his office and work being completion — leading the people into the Land of Promise, dividing and occupying Canaan, and destroying their enemies. His personal and official life is without a blemish, except the hasty treaty with the Gibeonites. The people of Israel under Joshua were nearest to the original conception of a united, obedient, willing, company of children serving a father. But he was not perfect; since he did not occupy all the land, nor prevent the bitter quarrels which divided the people after his day. He received his commission (or had it confirmed), in the same manner as Paul did, in a vision ( Joshua 5:13-15), from the Lord Jesus (when he was 84). He was a type of Jesus the Christ, as was also Jeshua, the high priest, in the second redemption of the nation (Zechariah 3). See Book of in the and . He died at the age of 110.

Joshua ( 2 ) . The son of Josedech, who was carried away by Nebuchadnezzar ( 1 Chronicles 6:15), and high priest after the return from Babylon. There are several other persons of this name, of whom very little is known. Josiah (YOSHIAHU, “Jah heals ). Son of Amon, and the 15th king of Judah, from B.C. 641 to 610 reigning 31 years, from 8 years old. His history is given in 2 Kings 22; 2 Kings 24; Chronicles 34—35; and Jeremiah 1—12. In his day the Temple was repaired and the was found (see ). He was wounded in a battle against Pharaoh Necho, and died near Jerusalem, where he was buried with great display. 2. Son of Zephaniah ( Zechariah 6:9).

Josibiah (“Jah makes to dwell” ) Father of Jehu ( 1 Chronicles 4:35).

Josiphiah (“Jah increase him” ) Ancestor of Shelomith, who returned with Ezra ( Ezra 8:10).

Jot (Hebrew: “the hand” ) The smallest letter in the Hebrew alphabet. Used as a symbol of the least.

Jot or tittle ( Matthew 5:28); not even the finishing touch.

Jotbah (“goodness” ) Native town of Haruz and his daughter Meshullemeth ( 2 Kings 21:19). Et Taiyibeh (see ). Arabic, [^Et-Tayib, good. There are three sites so named. 1. south of Hebron; 2. west of Hebron; 3. north of Jerusalem.

Jotbath (“goodly”) Wady el Athbeh, in the desert, northwest of Akabah. Jotham (“Jah is upright” ) 1. Son of Gideon ( Judges 9:5). His parable of the bramble is the oldest of its kind. He lived at Beer. 2. Son of king Uzziah, succeeding him to the throne of Judah B.C. 158, at the age of 25, and reigning 16 years (2 Kings 15; 2 Chronicles 27). 3. Son of-Jahdai, in Judah’s line ( 1 Chronicles 2:47).

Jozabab There were seven of this name, without special note.

Jozachar (“Jah remembers” ) Son of Shimeath ( 2 Kings 12:2). Zabad in 2 Chronicles 24:26.

Jubal (“music” ) Son of Lamech, by Adah ( Genesis 4:21); a teacher, and perhaps inventor of musical instruments, both for string and wind.

Jubilee (YOBEL, “rushing sound” ) , p. 56 in the book. The year of Jubilee was the 49th, so as to count full 7’s, and no more. If on the 50th, the count by 7’s would be interrupted.

Juda (“Judas” ) 1. Son of Joseph, father of Simeon ( Luke 3:30). 2. Son of Joanna (Hananiah), ( Luke 3:26). Abiud in Matthew 1:13. 3. Brother of Jesus Mark 6:3). 4. . 5. Juda, for the land of Judah in Matthew 2:6, etc. Judaea The Latin form of Judea. Judah (YEHUDAH, “praise Jah” ) The Jew or Hebrew. 1. Fourth son of Jacob, by Leah. His brothers were Reuben, Simeon, Levi (Judah), Issachar, Zebulon. He was a leader in family matters from his youth up, and more is known of him than of any other except Joseph. Reuben advised the brothers to throw Joseph into the pit, and Judah proposed the sale to the traders, both acting honorably to themselves, wishing to save the life of Joseph ( Genesis 27:26). for Judah’s conduct in Egypt ( Genesis 44:14,16-34). Judah went before Jacob into Egypt (Genesis 46). Jacob honors Judah first in his blessings ( Genesis 49:8-10). He had five sons, three by a Canaanite, the daughter of Shuah— , and — and two by the widow of Er ( ), Pharez and Zerah. (See the twelve ). The boundaries of Judah are more carefully noted than any of the others ( Joshua 15:20-63). The district was about 45 miles north to south, and nearly 50 wide east to west , , , . 2. A Levite ancestor of Kadmiel ( Ezra 3:9). 3. A Levite, who had a Gentile wife ( Ezra 10:23). 4. A Benjamite, son of Senuah ( Nehemiah 11:9). 5. Assisted in dedicating the wall (Ezra Nehemiah 12:34). Judah, Kingdom of The kingdom actually began with the revolt of the ten tribes, but was really a continuation of the kingdom of Saul and David. The kingdom was an original element in the system that Moses projected, and the first elections, of Saul, David and Solomon, were divinely directed. See list of kings in . Rehoboam, Solomon’s son and successor, lost the ten tribes, and also suffered from the Pharaoh who robbed the temple (2 Chronicles 12). Jehoshaphat was the greatest king after David, and increased the power and wealth of his people. His ships being destroyed in a storm, his scheme for commerce was given up. A grave error was committed in a marriage with the house of Ahab, Jehoram taking Athaliah for a wife, who introduced her mother Jezebel’s image worship. The treasures of the temple or of the king were several times carried away from Judah. All the vast hoards of David and Solomon were lost by Rehoboam to Shishak ( 1 Kings 14:26); Benhadad took from Asa the savings of 40 years. Jehoash sent to Hazael all that Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, Ahaziah, and himself had dedicated, besides his private wealth ( 2 Kings 12:18); Jehoash of Israel took from Amaziah all the treasures ( 2 Kings 14:11-14); Ahaz surrendered to Tiglath Pileser ( 2 Kings 16:8); Hezekiah to Sennacherib 300 talents of silver, and 30 of gold ( 2 Kings 18:14-16); in the days of Josiah (or after he was killed) the Pharaoh could only collect 100 talents of silver, and one talent of gold, by taxation, there being no treasure in the temple, and (perhaps a mistake) Nebuchadnezzar carried off all the treasures of the temple, with the very vessels that Solomon had made ( 2 Kings 24:13), 5,400 in number ( Ezra 1:11). The royal line was twice almost destroyed, by Jehu, and by Athaliah. The real cause of decay in this power was the contest between the church and the state; the priest grew stronger as the king was weaker. Faction grew bold and fierce, and bloodshed was common (Ezekiel 22). The nation grew wealthy, luxurious, superstitious, idolatrous, with only a formal show of true religion. The king appointed the high priest, but did not dare to depose one. The high priests gained more honor than the kings — especially it was a great honor to trace to Zadok the priest. But the nation could not be saved even by a pure high priesthood. Society was corrupt, and full of contention, and unable to defend itself against Egypt and Babylon. The kingdom lasted 487 years; 387 years after Israel seceded, and 133 years after Israel’s captivity. Judas (Greek-Latin form of Judah ). 1. In 1 Esdras 9:23. 2. third son of Mattathias, the Maccabeans (1 Macc. 2:4, etc.). 3. Son of Calphi (1 Macc. 11:70). 4. A Jew in Jerusalem (2 Macc. 1:10). 5. Son of Simon, and brother of John Hyrcanus (1 Macc. 16:2). 6. The patriarch Judah, in Matthew 1:2,3. 7. A man in Damascus, who lodged Paul (Saul) after his conversion ( Acts 9:11). 8. a leading member of the church at Jerusalem ( Acts 15:22), a prophet ( Acts 15:32), chosen with Silas to go with Barnabas and Saul to Antioch as delegates on the Gentile convert question ( Acts 15:27). 9. Of Galilee, the leader of a revolt in the time of Quirinus (A.D. 6), mentioned by Gamaliel in his speech before the Sanhedrin ( Acts 5:37). He was a religious enthusiast, whose motto was, “We have no Lord or Master but God.” See Josephus xviii. 1, sec. 1. Judas Iscariot (from , his native place ). Son of Simon ( John 6:71). His early life is not recorded. He was awarded the unhappy notoriety of betraying Jesus, his Lord and Master. He must have been a useful man among the twelve, because he was appointed their steward ( John 12:6). Jesus knew his character from the first ( John 6:64); but no one else even suspected him up to the very last day, when Peter and John were only made to know by a private sign from the Master who was the betrayer ( John 13:26). From the high priest he received 30 shekels, the price of a slave, but returned the money when remorse overtook him, after the crucifixion. His tender heart and quick conscience appears in the fact that he killed himself rather than live with the feeling of remorse for his crime. Some have thought that he believed that Jesus would be able to free himself from the priests, and stand higher than ever for the trial; others think that he as well as the rest believed Jesus was delaying the opening of his temporal kingdom, and ‘that he would only force him to declare his power and majesty by bringing him face to face with his enemies. While these theories are only possibly true in a slight degree, the love of money was beyond question a motive. The other eleven were weak, perplexed, vascillating, faint-hearted, but Judas was active and speculative, in the trying moment, his religion is only a servant to his worldly interest, and he perhaps discovered that the spiritual kingdom would not pay. This is why he was dishonest in his stewardship ( John 12:4), and grudged the value of the perfume that Mary honored Jesus with at Bethany. His presence among the twelve is explained in “The presence of such a false friend in the company of his disciples was needed to complete the circle of Christ’s trials and temptations.” David in the Psalms describes such a character, whose words were smooth as butter; whose actions were drawn swords; who ate his meat, and lifted his heel against him. It seems probable that Judas did not stay until the Lord’s Supper. Judas . A disciple, writer of the Epistle (see ). He was “brother of James” ( Jude 1:1), “the Lord’s brother” ( Galatians 1:19; 2:9, 12; Matthew 13:55; Mark 6:3). He was not an apostle, for he did not believe on Jesus as the Christ until after the crucifixion ( John 7:5). Only one question of his to Jesus is all that is recorded of him ( John 14:22). Eusebius (History iii. 20,32), says the Lord’s relatives were feared by the Emperor Domitian, and were known as late as the end of Trajan’s reign. Judaea (“Jewish”) The Roman name of the territory of Judah or the southern of the three divisions, Galilee, Samaria, Judea. (See the Map). Jewry in John 7:1, and Daniel 5:13. Judea also in Ezra 5:8, on the return from the captivity. The chief interest in Judaea is in Jerusalem and its vicinity, although there are many names of cities all over its territory, connected with interesting persons and events. Judaea, the Wilderness of Was along the western shore of the Dead Sea.

Judges (SHOFETIM ). Patriarchal seniors who administered justice, usually the chief or head (sheikh) of a tribe. Moses introduced the system on the advice of his father-in-law, Jethro (Exodus 18). There were two distinct orders of judges. 1. The leader, or chief of the whole nation, instead of or before the kings were elected. 2. The older princes or chiefs of families, A list of judges over all Israel is given in , on page 57 of this book. For BOOK OF see . Judgment Judicial decision. Sentence of a judge. The Day of Judgment ( Matthew 10:5; 11:22), the great day ( Jude 1:6), last day ( John 11:24), in which Christ will judge the world ( Acts 17:31; John 5:22), in righteousness ( Matthew 25:31-46; 2 Corinthians 5:10; Revelation 20). Some believe that resurrection follows immediately after death, and that judgment is already pronounced on ourselves by our lives, the Christ only carrying out the sentence, so that the world may continue without end, and souls go to their final account, the judgment never ending. Others hold that the resurrection is reserved to the end of the world, when there will be no more souls born, and all the dead from the beginning will be raised at one time. It seems more probable that the spirit world, heaven, is entered at once by the blessed soul, recognizing friends, relatives, the ancient worthies, Jesus and God the Father. . Judgment Hall (Greek: praitorion ), ( John 18:28 ). This has been located in Pilate’s house, and in Herod’s palace, and in the Castle Antonia. There was another hall at Caesarea (Josephus, Antiquities xv. 9, sec. 6). Judith (“Jewess”). 1. Wife of Esau, daughter of Beeri; also called Aholibama ( Genesis 26:34; 36:2). 2. Judith the heroine of the ; see .

Julia (feminine of Julius ). A disciple at Rome, wife (?) of Philologus ( Romans 16:15).

Julius Centurion of the “Augustus Band,” who conducted Paul to Rome from Caesarea, and used him courteously ( Acts 27:1,3).

Junia A disciple at Rome ( Romans 16:7).

Juniper (ROTHEM ). A white-blossomed broom, found in Spain, Barbary, Syria, and the desert of Sinai, and called “Spanish broom,” in Arabic [^Bethem. The bush is the largest in the desert, and gives shade from the sun, wind, and rain, and the Bedouins make charcoal from the twigs (illustrating <19C004> Psalm 120:4). Job speaks of eating rothem roots ( Psalm 30:4), as a picture of abject poverty and want. Elijah slept under a broom bush (Rob. 1:203). Jupiter (Greek: Zeus; Latin: Jupiter, Divum-pater, heaven-father ). The son of Saturn and Ops, brother and husband of Juno, father and king of gods and men, and supreme ruler of the universe, in the Greek and Roman mythology. Jupiter Tonaris, the thunderer; fulminator, the lightning-wielder; Pluvius, the ram-giver. . The worship of Jupiter was general in all Greek countries, and was once attempted on Mr. Moriah, in the temple, by order of .

Jushabhesed (“lovingkindness is returned” ) Son of Zerubbabel ( 1 Chronicles 3:20). Justification (Greek: dikaio ). Used in the Bible to mean passing sentence or giving a decision ( Deuteronomy 25:1; Prov, 17:15; Isaiah 5:22; <19E302> Psalm 143:2). It is opposed by condemn (Greek: katakrino ), in Romans 8:33,34. By the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in God’s sight ( Romans 3:20). It is a judicial act of God, by which the sinner is declared innocent, as if he had never sinned, not because of works, but of Christ’s righteousness; the means by which it is apprehended is faith. Justified by faith and through faith ( Romans 3:28; 4:5; Galatians 2:16; 3:8). Justify The faith that justifies is a working living faith, and must so prove itself whenever occasion demands. Justus (“just” ) 1. Surname of Joseph Barsabas ( Acts 1:23). 2. A disciple at Corinth ( Acts 18:7). 3. Surname of Jesus, a friend of Paul ( Colossians 4:11).