Cab Cabbon Judah, in the Shefelah ( Joshua 15:40).

Cabul (“little” ) 1. Asher ( Joshua 19:27; Josephus, vi. section 43,45). Modern site, miles East of Acre. 2. Region in Galilee given by king Solomon to Hiram, king of Tyre, which “pleased him not” ( 1 Kings 9:12,13; Josephus, Antiquities viii. 5, section 3).

Caddis Oldest brother of Judas Maccabaeus (1 Macc. 2:2).

Caesarea On the shore of the Great Sea, Northwest of Jerusalem 70 miles, and North of Joppa, on the ancient road from Tyre to Egypt (Jos. Wars, i. 21, section 5). The political capital of Palestine, and a very important city in the time of the apostles ( Acts 8:40; 9:30; 10:1. 24; 11:11; 12:19; 18:22; 21:8,16; 23:23,33; 25:1,4,6,13). In Strabo’s time there was at this place Strato’s Tower, and a landing-place; and Herod the Great, at immense cost, built an artificial breakwater and founded a city, B.C. 22. The seawall was built of very large blocks of stone,50 feet long, and extended into water of 120 feet depth, enclosing several acres, on which a large fleet could safely ride (Josephus, Antiquities xv. 9). Named, in honor of Augustus, Caesarea Sebaste (Josephus, Antiquities xvi. 5,1). Sometimes called C. Palestina, and C. Stratonis. Called Sebastos on coins. The residence of Philip, one of the 7 deacons of the early church, and the home of the historian Eusebius; the scene of some of Origen’s labors and the birthplace of Procopius. Was noted in the time of the Crusades. Is now utterly desolate. It was at Caesarea that Origen (A.D. 185-201), a man of great natural ability, collated the text of the Septuagint, Hebrew and other Greek versions, making a page of six columns, each version in its proper column, thus forming what was called the Hexapla — Six-ply version of the Scriptures, which is the most important contribution to Biblical literature in ancient times. Of some books he gave eight versions.

Caesarea Philippi (Pan). At the Southwest foot of Mount Hermon, on a broad terrace overlooking the Huleh plain; behind the mountain range rises in rugged bold peaks, wooded and capped with snow. Groves of evergreens, oaks and olives, hawthorns, myrtles, oleanders, and beautifully carpeted with grass. One of the chief sources of the Jordan River is in a cave near the castle, and pours out an abundance of water, spreading fertility in its course. Named by Philip in honor of Tiberius Caesar and himself. Agrippa II named it Neronias, after Nero. Titus exhibited gladiators there (Josephus, Wars 7.2 section 1). On the coins it is Caesarea Paneas. Its most ancient name is now known at the spot. The castle (Subeibeh) is of Phoenician work, and one of the largest in the land. Supposed to be Baal Gad ( Joshua 11:17) The charge to Peter was given here by Jesus ( Matthew 16:18), and near it was probably Transfiguration (17:1,2).

Caiaphas (“rock” or “depression” ) Joseph Caiaphas, high priest of the Jews, under Tiberius at the crucifixion — appointed by Valerius Gratus, A.D. 25, holding it until removed by Marcellus, A.D. 37. His long term indicates unusual power and fitness. Son-in-law of Annas. He pronounced judgment that Jesus was guilty of blasphemy ( Matthew 26:57-66), and uttered a prophesy of Jesus without being conscious of it. Cain (“acquisition” ) 1. The firstborn of the Adamic race. Son of Adam and Eve ( Genesis 4:1). Eve said, “I have got a man, by the help of Jehovah.” It is supposed that he worked in the field, and that his brother Abel kept the flocks. After the murder of Abel (through envy and jealousy) he went into the land of Nod (“wandering land”); saw a sign from heaven, and was assured that no attempt would be permitted against his life; he married Save, and built the city of Enoch. Society was thoroughly organized in his time, and we find such names as Zillah (“shadow”), Naamah (“pleasant”), and Adah (“oramental”); and Jabal living in tents; Jubal making musical instruments; Tubal Cain in the shop of the smith; Lamech composing poetry; while history and genealogy were carefully preserved. 2. . A place in Judah, in the mountains, near Zanoah and Gibeah ( Joshua 15:57). Cainan (“possessor” ) 1. Son of Enos. Great-grandson of Adam. Father of Mahalaleel. He died at the age of 910 ( Genesis 5:9; Luke 3:37). 2. Son of Arphaxad and father of Sala. The name is supposed to have been added to the genealogy for some reason by the scribes or some compiler.

Calah (“old age” ) One of the most ancient cities of Assyria, built by Asshur ( Genesis 10:11). ( 2 Kings 17:6). Shalmaneser carried Israel captive to this city. The Nimrud ruin, which has yielded vast quantities of Assyrian remains, is believed to be the ancient Calah, once capital of the empire.

Calcol (“sustenance” ) Son or descendant of Zerah ( 1 Chronicles 2:6).

Caldron A pot or kettle ( 2 Chronicles 35:13). Caleb (“dog” ) 1. The only one besides Joshua, of all those who left Egypt, who was permitted to enter Canaan. Son of Jephunneh, the Kenezite ( Joshua 14:14). not a Hebrew, but so adopted, and the city of Hebron was given to him as his portion. 2. Son of Hezron — Pharez — Judah — and father of Hur; his wives were Azubah, Jerioth and Ephrath, Ephah and Maachah. 3. Son of Hut. 4. . . Calf Image for worship made at Sinai in imitation of the Apis (Mnevis?) of Egypt, from the jewelry borrowed of the Egyptians ( Exodus 32:2). Not solid gold, but of wood, gilded or plated with gold (as the emblem of Osiris — Apis — was made). Moses burned the image as an allegorical act ( Job 15:16; Hosea 8:56; 10:6). Another was set up at Bethel, and one at Dan.

Calne (“fort of Ann” ), Calno, Calnah, Canneh, Assyria, on the East bank of the Tigris, opposite Seleucia ( Genesis 10:10), Ctesiphon, 200 miles below Nineveh, below Bagdad, 6 miles north of Babel. Tauk Kesra is its present name, and the ruins are very interesting.

Calisthenes Burnt by the Jews (2 Macc. 8:33).

Calphi Father of Judas (1 Macc. 11:70). Calvary (“a bare skull” ) Place of the crucifixion of Jesus. William C. Prime this year found a wall in Jerusalem which he thinks is the long-lost second wall of Josephus, running south of the so-called Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and so far proves the claim that the true site of calvary, and the sepulchre are known and in that church ( Matthew 27:33 Mark 15:22; Luke 23:33; John 19:17.) Camel (Hebrew: gamal ). Mentioned in Genesis 12:16; Exodus 9:3, as abundant ( Chronicles 14:15). Used as a means of traveling, especially across the desert ( 1 Kings 10:2), both for riding and for burdens; and also used in war. The coarse hair (shed in the spring) was made into tent-cloth, and heavy cloaks for rough weather, and used in the desert or open country ( Matthew 3:4); and the fine hair into the delicate “camel’s hair shawls.” Its meat was forbidden as food or sacrifice, because it does not divide the hoof. Many trinkets and ornaments are hung on the neck and sides of favorite camels ( Judges 8:21,26). Its foot is provided with pads under the two toes which do not easily sink in the sand; its nostrils can be closed against the dust or fine sand, or hot wind; its sharp, long teeth are exactly adapted to cut off the prickly shrubs of the desert; its hump is almost pure fat, which can be absorbed on a long journey, where food is scanty; and its stomach has several extra water-bags, holding many days supply. The desert would be uninhabitable without the camel (and the palm-tree).

Camel’s milk is a luxury much esteemed in the East. The swiftness of the dromedary (swift-camel) is proverbial, 900 miles in 8 days having been done.

Camon (“full of grain” ) ? (Antiquities v. 7, 6). Where Jair was buried ( Judges 10:5). Lost. Camphire Camphor ( Song of Solomon 1:14; Hebrew: kopher , Greek: kupros , Arabic: alcana . Lawsonia inermis, a privet, with clusters of delicate little lilac blossoms, and exquisite in perfume. The ladies wear them in their bosoms as a boquet. The dried leaves are mixed with citron juice and used to stain the nails and palms with a yellowish brown (rust color), very much liked (and is compelled by fashion), in the East. In Persia men also dye the nails. The hair is colored also, by adding indigo, black. Deuteronomy 21:12, should read “adorn her nails” instead of “pare her nails.” Cana (“the nest” ) Galilee ( John 2:1). 7 miles north of Nazareth. Scene of the first miracle of Christ, turning water into wine; and another, healing the son of a nobleman ( John 4:46-54). The native place of Nathanael, Bartholomew. Now called Kana el Jelil, and in ruins, occupying a beautiful side-hill overlooking the plain of Buttauf. (Robinson 2:346-9, 3:108). Howard Crosby, D.D. (Life of Jesus), decides in favor of Kefr Kenna, 4 miles Northeast of Nazareth. The text is equally explained by either place. Canaan (“bowed down” ) 4th son of Ham ( Genesis 10:6), progenitor of the Phoenicians. The word is also translated “traffickers” ( Isaiah 23:8) “merchant” (11), the land of traffic” ( Ezekiel 17:4), “merchant people” ( Zephaniah 1:11), and in scorn by Hosea ( Hosea 12:7), “he is a merchant; the balances of deceit are in his hand,” speaking of degenerate Israel. Ham, the younger son of Noah, behaved with indecent levity toward his father, becoming a shame and reproach to him in his old age, and so Ham was punished in his youngest son, for indecent levity, shameless profligacy, and insufferable abominations, have poisoned the whole line, taking the shape and plea of religion, the most hateful being worshiped as the most holy. Mount Lebanon is now the harbor of the most revolting types of idolatry, the relics of antiquity, Canaan (“lower country” ) That is, lower than Gilead. The ancient name of the country between the Jordan River and the Great Sea, extending from Hamath on the North to the desert below Beersheba on the South ( Genesis 12:5; 13:12; Zephaniah 2:5; Isaiah 19:18; Judges 3:1; Exodus 15:15). In Matthew 15:22, the name is applied to Philistia and Phoenicia, the lowlands.

Canaanite ( 1 ) Simeon the Zealot (Canaanite — from the Syriac kannean, of which the Greek is zelotes ).

Canaanite ( 2 ) 1. Dwellers in the land — lowland — as lower than Gilead. And again, dwellers in the lower lands of the plains by the sea; and in the Jordan River valley ( Numbers 13:29; Genesis 10:18-20). 2. Any people in the land not Hebrew ( Genesis 12:6; Numbers 21:3).

Candace (Greek: kandake ). Title of the queens of Meroe, whose capital was Napata. A prime minister from this court was converted by Philip, on his way back from Jerusalem to Ethiopia ( Acts 8:27). Queens of this country were sculptured on the ancient monuments, mentioned by Herodotus (Nitocris, ii. 100), Pliny (vi. 35), Strabo (xvii. 820), Dio Cassius (liv. 5), and Eusebius. Candle .

Candlestick . The only light of the tabernacle, and afterward of the temple, was that of the 7 lamps on the golden stand; or ten, according to 1 Kings 7:49, and one in 1 Macc. 1:23; 4:49; Wars 7:5. The only ancient figure we have of this is the sculpture on the Arch of Titus at Rome.

Cane (“reed, grass” ) A sweet-scented vernal grass, much valued for its perfume ( Isaiah 43:24; calamus (reed) in Song of Solomon 4:14. There is no notice of the sugar-cane.

Cankerworm .

Canon (“rule” ) The authoritative standard of religion and morals, composed only of divinely inspired writings, which have been added from the time of Moses to that of John. In making the selection of the books, the four conditions were kept in view: 1. Divine authority; 2. Entire and incorrupt work as made by the writer; 3. The whole complete as a rule, and guide; and 4. Therefore needing no further addition. The Holy Bible is then the only and supreme standard of religious truth and duty. The evidences are: The decision of the Church in council; the concurrent testimony of ancient Jewish and Christian writers; and the internal evidence of the books themselves. Inquiring, we wish to know: 1. Were the books written by their reputed authors? 2. Were the writers believed to be divinely inspired by their contemporaties? and 3. Have the books been kept as they were written, unchanged? In Exodus and the earlier books of the Old Testament, the term used for the Sacred Writings is “The Law”, or the “Book of the Covenant” ( Exodus 24:7). After the return from the captivity (about 400 B.C.) they are called recitations, or the words read or recited ( Nehemiah 8:8). They were also called “The Books” in Ecclesiasticus. Josephus, Philo, and the writers of the New Testament call them “Sacred Writings”, “Sacred Letters”, and “Scriptures” ( Matthew 21:42, 22:29; John 5:39; Acts 8:32,35; Romans 16:26; 2 Peter 1:20), and Paul, twice, “Holy Scriptures” ( Romans 1:2; 2 Timothy 3:15). After the New Testament was written, Jerome (A.D. 400) called them the Sacred Books (following 2 Macc. 2:13), the name “Bible” being first applied by Chrysostom A.D. 400, adding the title “Divine,” or, as we now write it, “Holy Bible.” The word Bible is Greek, and means “book.” The sacred book of Mohammed is called Koran — “the book” (i e., the thing to be read). The word “Scriptures” is Latin, and means writings. The Bible is divided into the Old and New Testaments ( 2 Corinthians 3:14), and according to the Canon (kanon , Greek, rule, meaning “The Catalogue of the Sacred Books”), consisting of 39 books in the Old and 27 in the New Testament. The Roman church adds 10 other books (or parts). The Old Testament collection was completed by Ezra, having been begun by the ancient patriarchs, continued by Moses ( Deuteronomy 31:9), by Joshua ( Joshua 24:26), by Samuel ( 1 Samuel 10:25), by David, Solomon, and others; and his arrangement has been preserved up to the present time. It was divided into three classes of writings: the Law (Torah), the Prophets (Nebiim), and the Psalms (Kethubim), ( Luke 24:4). Josephus names the same divisions (contra Apion i. 8). The first canon on record is that of Laodicea in Phrygia, A.D. 365, which-fixed the names and order and number of the books very much as we find them now. The Council of Hippo in 393, of Carthage in 419, in which Augustine (Bishop of Hippo), had great influence, held (A.D. 397) that the entire canon of Scripture is comprised in these books Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, 1 small book of Ruth, * * the 4 books of the Kingdoms, and 2 of the Remains. These are the historical books: Job, Tobit, Esther, Judith,2 books of Maccabees, and 2 books of Ezra. Next are the prophets; 1 book of the Psalms of David,3 of Solomon — viz., Proverbs Canticles, and Ecclesiastes. The 2 books Wisdom and Ecclesiasticus are called Solomon’s only because they resemble his writings, and they were written by Jesus, the son of Sirach, which are to be reckoned among the prophetic books. The rest are the prophets,12 of them being reckoned together as one book; and after these the four prophets of large volumes — Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel and Ezekiel. The New Testament was the same as now received. Apocrypal books of the New Testament age. , in his list of the sacred books, makes a distinction against certain ones which were doubtful or heretical, and which were: 1. The doubtful — Acts of Paul, Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Epistle of Barnabas, Doctrine of the Apostles, Gospel to the Hebrews. 2. The heretical — Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias and others; the Acts of Andrew, John, Epistle of Clement, and others. The oldest version in any language of which there is a record, is the Septuagint, written in Greek, at Alexandria, Egypt, B.C. 286-280. The oldest known copy of this version is written on thin vellum, contains the whole Bible, and is dated in the 5th century, now in the British Museum, and is called the Codex Alexandrinus. The Codex Vaticanus is a manuscript in the Vatican Library, Rome; contains the whole Bible, except a few lost leaves, and belongs to the 4th century. The Codex Sinaiticus was found in the Convent on Mount Sinai. It belongs to the 6th century, but is a copy of one of an earlier date. Besides the Old and New Testament, it has the Gospel and Epistles of Barnabas and the Epistle of Hermas. Fragments of the Gospel are contained in a palimpsest manuscript in a library at Wolfenbuttel, Germany, where the ancient Greek letters have been scraped off, and a modern text written over them. A specimen, in the book, is from a copy in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, a palimpsest, and belongs to the 6th century. It is dated A.D. (about), and shows a very neat and clear text, as well as all the others. The oldest Hebrew manuscript known is dated A.D. 489; is a roll, and was found in the Karaite Synagogue in the Crimea. The specimen given in the book is from a Pentateuch written on a roll of leather, preserved in Odessa, originally brought from Derbend, in Daghestan. It was “corrected” in 580, and therefore probably written some time before. There is another specimen of an ancient Hebrew letter used about the time that Paul was a pupil of Gamaliel. There is a copy from a gravestone in the Crimea, of the year A.D. 6. This style of letter is like that on the coins of the Maccabees, B.C. 139, and other coins down to A.D. 130, given in the chapter on Coins. We have records of Origen’s work, in which he placed side-by-side six different versions of each book of the Bible, thus forming the most valuable contribution to the critical study of the Scriptures known to scholars; but no specimen of his manuscript is extant. The oldest known MSS. in our own, or the Anglo-Saxon language, is the Durham Bible, dated A.D. 688. The oldest printed Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) was issued in Soncino, Italy, A.D. 1487, in folio. The Complutensian Polyglott was published at the expense of Cardinal Ximenes in 1514-1522, in volumes, folio, and sold at 6 1/2 ducats. The Hebrew Vulgate, and Greek texts of the Old Testament (with the Latin translation of the Greek), were printed in three parallel columns; the Targum of Onkelos, with a Latin translation on two columns below. The oldest known version in the Latin language is the Vulgate (current text), which was the work of Jerome, A.D. 385-420, while he lived at Bethlehem. Tertullian (160-245) mentions a Latin version, but there is nothing known of any belonging to his age. The first book printed was the Bible, in Latin; and the splendid pages of the Mazarin Vulgate, printed by Gutenburg and Fust in 1455, at Mainz, are not surpassed at this day as specimens of typography.

Canopy Curtain over a bed (Judith 10:21). .

Canticles Song of Solomon. Capernaum (“village of Nahum” ) On the Northwest shore of the Lake of Galilee. The scene of many of the works of Christ. Not mentioned in the Old Testament or the Apocrypha. Site now located at Tell Hum, where there are ruins of a magnificent synagogue, with beautiful specimens of columns, some of which are double; cornices and massive walls; and a great extent of ruins, half a mile long by a quarter wide. The home of Jesus after leaving Nazareth on being rejected ( Mark 2:1). Here Matthew was chosen ( Matthew 9:10). Simon, Peter and Andrew belonged here ( Mark 1:29). (For the miracles wrought here, see ). The son of the nobleman was healed here by words spoken at Cana. The woes denounced against this city and others near it have been so literally fulfilled that even their sites cannot be determined (Stanly, South and P., chapter 10; Rob. ii, 403-404, iii, 344-358). Mentioned by Josephus (Wars, iii, 10 sec. 8). Wilson, Lands of the Bible (ii. 139, 149). The Palestine Exploration has this last year added new facts to the evidence in favor of Tell Hum being the true site. (The Recovery of Jerusalem, p. 265, etc.)

Caphar A village ( 1 Chronicles 27:25).

Caphar-sal-ama A place where a battle was fought between Judas and Nicanor (1 Macc. 7:31).

Caphenatha A place on the East of Jerusalem (1 Macc. 12:37).

Caphtor , . Mentioned three times as the origin of the Philistines ( Deuteronomy 2:23; Jeremiah 47:4; Amos 9:7). By some supposed to be an ancient name of a part of Egypt. in hieroglyphics.

Cappadocia Asia Minor ( Acts 2:9; 1 Peter 1:1; Josephus, Antiquities xii, 3, sec. 4). The road from Palestine passed through the famous Cilician Gates, which led through Mount Taurus. It is an elevated table-land divided by chains of mountains, well watered but scantily wooded. Mazaca, afterward called Caesarea, was the Roman capital, and at the base of Mount Argaeus, the highest in Asia Minor. The people were mixed, Scythian and Persian. Captain Some times a civil and at others a military chief is meant. The Lord is called the captain of his people’s salvation ( Hebrews 2:10). Captivity The Hebrews reckon four captivities: Babylonian, Median, Grecian and Roman. The expatriation of the people belongs to two periods only — the first and second captivity. In the first — the Babylonian — the best of the nation were carried to Assyria. They were not slaves, but were free under their own civil laws (they would not obey the divine law of ceremonies away from the temple, and it is thought that the custom of building synagogues in every city arose during the captivity), and were ruled by their own elders ( Ezekiel 14:1; 20:1), and held slaves themselves (Tobit 8:18); while some filled high offices at the court, as Mordecai and Daniel. This event occupied, from beginning to end, 150 years, ending B.C. 588. Judah was carried away captive by Nebuchadnezzar about a hundred years after the first deportation of Israel (Jeremiah 52). The decree of Cyrus granting the return of the Jews, was dated B.C. 536. A part of the people, under Zerubbabel, returned B.C. 535; and more under Ezra B.C. 458; and of others, under Nehemiah, B.C. 445. The return thus extending over a period of 145 years. (See Nehemiah, Ezra, Haggai and Zechariah). The number of those who remained in Assyria was about six times those who returned to Jerusalem, and they were known in the time of Christ as the ( John 7:35; James 1:1). Besides those who remained in Assyria, there were many Jews who fled into Egypt ( Zechariah 10:6-10), and into Arabia, settling in Yemen (Sheba). After this time the were lost to history. It is supposed that they intermarried with each other and with the people among whom they lived, and so became lost as distinct tribes, or even as a people. During and after the captivity the Jews laid aside their prejudices, forgot their special tribal pride, and became one nation ( Isaiah 11:13; Ezekiel 37:22); and since that time no one of them is able to trace his lineage to any particular tribe, but may reasonably claim to have the blood of the whole twelve mingled in his veins. So Paul seems to have felt ( Acts 26:7) when pleading before Agrippa.

Carbuncle ( Isaiah 54:12 ). .

Carcass One of the seven princes of Ahasuerus ( Esther 1:10).

Carchemish (“fort of Chemosh” ) Assyria ( Isaiah 10:9). By Euphrates ( Jeremiah 46:2; 2 Chronicles 25:20). Assyrian inscriptions discovered in modern times show it to have been a chief city of the Hittites, from B.C. 1100 to B.C. 850, who were masters of Syria. Taken by Pharaoh Necho, B.C. 608, and 3 years after by Nebuchadnezzar.

Caria Southwest in Asia Minor.

Carmanians People of Carmania, north of the Persian Gulf (2 Esdras 15:30).

Careah Father of Johanan ( 2 Kings 25:23). Carmel (“park — fruitful field” ) A mountain range branching off to the northwest from the mountains of Samaria,15 miles long, 2 to 4 wide, and 600 to 1,800 feet high, ending in a steep cape far out into the Great Sea, dividing the plain of Acre from Sharon ( Joshua 12:22, 19:26; Jeremiah 46:18). The plain of Esdraelon lies east, and the river Kishon washes its north side. No part of Palestine equals it in picturesque beauty and variety of scenery, the luxuriance of its herbage, and the brilliance and variety, and abundance of its flowers ( Isaiah 35:2; Song of Solomon 7:5). There are many deep ravines, which abound in partridges, quails, woodcock, hares, jackals, wolves, hyenas, and wild-boars; and it is said, anciently also lions and bears. There are many caves in the vicinity of the convent, which were once occupied by hermits; and one of these is said to be the one referred to in 1 Kings 18:4; and also see Amos 9:3. The chief incident in its history is Elijah’s sacrifice, the site of which is now located at el Mukrakah (“the burning — the sacrifice”), on a rock terrace, Tell el Kusis (“hill of the priests”), at the east end; from which was seen the whole of the plain of Esdraelon, the river Kishon, Gilboah with Jezreel at its base, Jezebel’s temple and Ahab’s palace in full view, the sea being hid by the hill to the west, up which the servant could climb in a few minutes and see the sea in its entire expanse ( 1 Kings 18:30; 2 Kings 4:23). Pythagoras visited it, and Vespasian, the emperor, came to consult the oracle of Carmel. Elijah was sitting on the mountain when the “fifties” were sent by Ahaziah to take him prisoner for stopping his messengers to Baal at Ekron, and two bands were consumed by fire from heaven ( 2 Kings 1:9-15). After the ascent of Elijah, Elisha went to reside on Carmel for a time ( 2 Kings 2:25), and was here when the woman from Shunem found him, and told him of her son’s death ( 2 Kings 4:25). Called now Jebel Mar Elias. The convent was built A.D. 1830, over ancient ruins, and is famous for having been founded by Louis of France, and its name given to the Barefoot Carmelite Friars. 2. Judah,6 miles southeast of Hebron. City of Nabal ( 1 Samuel 25:2), and of Abigail, David’s favorite wife ( 1 Samuel 27:3), where Saul set up a “place” after his victory over Amalek ( 1 Samuel 25:12), and Uzziah had vineyards ( 2 Chronicles 26:10). It is mentioned by Jerome and Eusebius as having a Roman garrison; and in the history of the Crusades, A.D. 1172. The heaps of ruins now called Kurmul, lie around the sloping sides of an oval valley, the head of which is shut in by rocky ridges. The castle (Kasr el Birkeh) had walls 10 feet thick of beveled stones,60 feet long, 40 wide, and 30 high. Near it was a round tower, and there are the remains of several churches, one of which was 150 by 50 feet. There is a fine reservoir of sweet water supplied from springs near (Van de Velde).

Carmelite Of Carmel in the mountains of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 11:37).

Carmelitess Woman of Carmel in Judah ( 1 Samuel 27:3).

Carmi (“a vine-dresser” ) 1. Father of Achan ( Joshua 12:1,18). 2. 4th son of Reuben ( Genesis 46:9).

Carmites Of Reuben ( Numbers 26:6).

Carnaim In the land of Galaad, Gilead. Ashteroth Karnaim. Carpenter Since wood was always too scarce and precious in Palestine for any use besides for doors, windows, etc., and for decorations, the carpenter was probably a carver of such finishing as is now seen in the best rooms of the East.

Carpus A disciple at Troas with whom Paul left his cloak ( 2 Timothy 4:13), books and parchments. He is mentioned as bishop of Berytus in Thrace by Hippolytus.

Carriage This word means “baggage” in the King James Version.

Carshena One of the seven princes ( Esther 1:14).

Cart Wagon. Were open or covered ( Numbers 7:3), and used to carry persons and burdens ( Genesis 45:19; 1 Samuel 6:7), or produce ( Amos 2:13). There were no roads, and the only ones now in use have been lately made, from Joppa to Jerusalem, and from Beirut to Damascus.

Carving Carving and engraving have always been much used for the decoration of houses, furniture, arms, jewelry, etc. The occupation of Joseph was that of a carver and not a carpenter, as wood has always been too scarce and expensive to use in the framework of houses.

Casiphia Place between Babylon and Jerusalem ( Ezra 8:17).

Casleu (1 Macc. 1:54 ).

Casluhim Mizraite people ( Genesis 10:14). In Upper Egypt. Bochart thinks they were the Colchians of the Greeks.

Casphon (1 Macc. 5:36 ).

Casphor Fortified city in the land of Galaad (1 Macc. 5:26). The Jews took refuge there from the Ammonites.

Caspis A strong, fortified city. Was taken by Judas Maccabaeus (2 Macc. 12:13,16).

Cassia One of the principal spices in the composition of the “oil of holy ointment” ( Exodus 30:25); a choice perfume. Also, an article among the precious merchandise of Tyre ( Ezekiel 27:19).

Castor and Pollux (sons of Jupiter ), ( Acts 28:11 ). Name of the vessel in which Paul sailed from Malta to Rome; derived from the name of the two stars called “the twins,” the fabled sons of Jupiter and Leda.

Cats (Baruch 6:22 ). The cat was a favorite of the Egyptians, and is found embalmed among their mummies.

Caterpillar Cathua (1 Esdras 5:30).

Caul A head-dress, made in checker-work; long, like a scarf; worn by women for ornament.

Cause-way Raised path ( 1 Chronicles 26:16,18). Cave Mentioned in the early history as often useful to men. There are a great number in the limestone region of Palestine and Syria, many of which have been cut out larger for shelter or defense. Several Hebrew words are used to denote caves, holes and fissures, and many places were named from noted caves, and some people, as the Horites (caveites), were so named from their dwellings. The great cave near Aleppo will hold 3000 horsesoldiers. Maundrell described a large system of caves, containing rooms, near Sidon. Lot is the first who is recorded as living in a cave. The cave of Machpelah is the first mentioned as a burial-place. Other noted caves were Makkedah (five kings taken in by Joshua); Adullam (where David cut Saul’s skirt off); and in Josephus, the famous robber-caves of Arbela, near Gennesaret.

Cedar (Hebrew: erez; Arabic: [^arz, “the latch” ) There are eleven groves of cedars on the Lebanon mountains, which have been visited by travelers recently. One, near the highest peak, 6,000 feet above the sea, Northeast of Beirut, and long famous for its 400 ancient trees of immense size, standing near the summits, which are covered with perpetual snow; the second, near Deir El Kamr. The six largest of this northern group measured, in 1868, 48, 40, 38, 33 1/2, 30, 29 3/4 feet; and a third, near Ain Zehalteh, on the Beirut-Damascus stage road, lately found. Dr. Robert Morris recently brought several camel loads of cones from these trees for distribution among Sunday School students. The references to cedar-wood in the Scripture do not always mean the cedar of Lebanon — as, for instance, when at Sinai ( Leviticus 12:6). The word means also pine, cyprus, fir and juniper. Henry H. Jessup, an American missionary in Syria, thinks the whole range of Lebanon, from 3,000 to 7,000 feet altitude, was at one time covered with cedar groves. Cedron 1. Near Jamnia and Azotus; fortified by Antiochus Sidetes. 2. Kidron, the torrent east of Jerusalem, which see.

Ceilan (1 Esdras 5:15 ). Ceiling The ceilings of the principal apartments in Eastern houses are the parts on which the chief care is expended in adorning. The Jews bestowed much care on these parts in their houses ( Jeremiah 22:14; Haggai 1:4).

Cenchreae Harbor of Corinth, on the Saronic Gulf, east, whence Paul sailed for Ephesus ( Acts 18:18). There was a church here, of which was a member ( Romans 16:1), and Lucius its first bishop, appointed by Paul. There was a temple at the end of each mole, and a statue of Neptune on a rock between, as may be seen on an ancient coin of Corinth.

Cendebeus correctly One of Antiochus’ generals in Palestine (1 Macc. 15:38 ff). Censer A small portable vessel of metal, fitted to contain burning coals ( Chronicles 26:18; Luke 1:9). Centurion Captain of 100. A Roman military officer. Cornelius, a centurion, was one of the first disciples. Several others are mentioned.

Ceras (1 Esdras 5:29 ). Cetab (1 Esdras 5:30 ).

Chabris Son of Gothoniel (Judith 6:15; 8:10; 10:6).

Chadias (1 Esdras 5:20 ). Chaff ( Isaiah 5:24; 33:11 ). The carrying away of chaff by the wind in Scripture is used as a symbol of the destruction of the wicked ( Isaiah 17:13). Chain Chains were in use by the ancients; they were made of precious metal for ornaments, and were worn alike by men and women — of iron for other purposes. The gold chain given to Joseph ( Genesis 12:42), and the one promised to Daniel ( Daniel 5:7), were the first mentioned.

Chalce-do-ny Chalcol ( 1 Kings 4:31 ).

Chalk ( Isaiah 27:9 ). Limestone.

Chaldaea ; (“Khaldi in Armenian, the moon”) Babylonia — the whole, or sometimes the southern part ( Daniel 5:30; 9:1; Genesis 11:28). Haran died in Ur of Casdim ( Ezekiel 1:3). The whole of Mesopotamia occupied by Chaldeans. The Chaldeans were one out of many Cushite tribes peopling Babylonia. Hence came Sabaeans to afflict Job (1:15-17). Recently discovered inscriptions on ancient works show that there were two languages in use: one a Semitic, for civil purposes, and another a Cushite, for learned and religious purposes ( Daniel 1:4; 5:11). The Chaldeans were priests, magicians or astronomers — the depositaries of learning and science. The plains were formerly irrigated by canals led from the river, spread over the country like a network. Groves of palm-trees, pleasant gardens, fields of grain and vineyards, proved the richness of the soil, and supported a dense population. It is now a waste of drifting dust and sand, with heaps of bricks and rubbish ( Isaiah 14:23; Jeremiah 50:38). The chief cities were Accad, Babel, Borsippa, Calneh, Cutha, Erech, Sippara and Toredon. Herodotus mentions a vast number of cities, and the mounds over all the country prove his statements true. Chambers of Imagery Used by Ezekiel ( Ezekiel 8:12) in denouncing the idolatrous corruptions of the kingdom of Judah, or that part which imitated the Egyptians in painting on the walls of a chamber pictures of idols, etc., for worship. (See Wilkinson’s Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians). Every man has a chamber in his own mind filled with his idols — his dearest objects of regard. Chamber-ing ( Romans 13:13 ). Chamber-lain Erastus, “the chamberlain.” An officer who had charge of a king’s lodgings and wardrobe ( 2 Kings 23:11).

Chameleon (Hebrew: ko-ach, “strength” ) There are two lizards, each of which has been proposed as the animal meant. Lizards are very plentiful in Palestine and Egypt. 1. The chameleon is noted for its strong grasp, by which it sustains its position for a long time on twigs and branches. The normal color is black or slaty, but can be changed in an instant to many other tones, as green, yellow, spotted, which changes seem to be independent of the will of the animaL 2. The Nile Monitor is sometimes called the land crocodile, being about feet in length. It eats the eggs and young of the crocodile.

Chamois A specie of wild goat found in Arabia ( Deuteronomy 14:5).

Champaign (“a plain” ) ( Deuteronomy 11:30 ).

Chanaan ( Judges 5:39,10 ).

Chanaanite ( Judges 5:16 ).

Chancellor ( Ezra 4:8,9,17 ).

Chanel-bone ( Job 26:22 ). The bone of the arm above the elbow.

Changers ( Judges 2:15 ). Changers of money A class who made a business, in accommodating the temple worshipers at the annual feasts of the Jews, by exchanging the money of those who came from foreign countries for the half-shekel which was the lawful tribute to the treasury. They probably crept gradually nearer the temple until they occupied the corners and passages of the sacred courts. From these Jesus drove them, because no trading was lawful there, and certainly not dishonest, sharp practices, which had made God’s house a “den of thieves.”

Channuneus (1 Esdras 8:48).

Chanoch ( Genesis 4:17).

Chapel (a holy place, sanctuary ). Idol’s temple (1 Macc. 1:47). Bethel was crowded with altars ( Amos 3:14).

Chapiter The upper part of a pillar ( Exodus 38:17).

Chapmen Traders ( 2 Chronicles 9:14). Foot-peddlers, Charaathalar (1 Esdras 5:36 ).

Characa A place east of Jordan River (2 Macc. 12:17). Lost.

Chara-shim, The Valley of A place settled by Joab 2 ( 1 Chronicles 4:14), and reinbabited by Benjamites after the captivity ( Nehemiah 11:35).

Charchamis (1 Esdras 1:25 ). .

Charchemis ( 2 Chronicles 35:20 ).

Charcus (1 Esdras 5:32 ). Charea (1 Esdras 5:32). Charger (Hebrew: agartal ). 1. Basin in Ezra 1:9, that is, a tank for catching the blood from the victims on the altar. 2. deep dishes ( Numbers 7:13). 3. a tray, or server, of wood inlaid, or of metal (such as is now used for the common table), ( Matthew 14:8). Chariot Hebrew: merkabah , and rekeb , and agaloth for “war-chariots”, or “wagons” or “carts”. The Egyptian monuments present paintings of several kinds of chariots, all of two wheels only, differing chiefly in the ornaments. The king’s was different only in being more richly ornamented, and as having the king alone — as a sign that to him belonged the entire glory of the victory. In the Assyrian sculptures are some 4-wheeled carriages. Three persons usually ride in them — the king, his umbrella-bearer, and the charioteer. The Persian chariots were heavier than those of Egypt or Assyria. Charity Greek: agape , which is properly “love” ( 1 Corinthians 8:1,13; Luke 11:42; Romans 5:5,8.) Charmis Son of Meichiel; one of the three rulers of Bethulia ( Judges 6:15).

Charran ( Acts 7:2,4). Chaste-ba (1 Esdras 5:31 ).

Chavah ( Genesis 3:20 ). Eve. Chebar (“great river” ) Chaldea ( Ezekiel 1:3 ). Some of the Jews were located here during the captivity ( Ezekiel 1:1,3, 3:15; 2 Kings 24:15). This was the largest artificial canal of Babylonia, and was cut by the Jewish captives.

Chedorlaomer (Genesis 14 ). King of Elam, perhaps a part of Persia and Media. His marauding excursion, aided by four other kings, was brought to an abrupt and disastrous end by Abraham.

Cheese There is no Hebrew word for cheese. The three words translated cheese are: 1. Hebrew: gebinah , curdled milk ( Job 10:10); 2. charitse hechalab , slices of curds ( 1 Samuel 17:18); 3. shephoth bakar , curd rubbed fine — of kine ( 2 Samuel 17:29).

Cheese now in use in the East is in small round cakes (4 inches), white, very salt, and hard. The Bedouins coagulate buttermilk, dry it, and grind to powder.

Chellal Son of Pahath-moab ( Ezra 10:30).

Chelcias 1. Of Baruch (Baruch 1:1). 2. High Priest (Baruch 1:7) 3. Father of Susanna (Susanna 2:29,63).

Chellians ( Judges 2:23 ). Chelluh (“strong” ) Son of Bani ( Ezra 10:35).

Chellus Place west of the Jordan River ( Judges 1:9).

Chelod (corrupted text in Judges 1:6 ).

Chelub (“basket” ) 1. Father of Mehir, of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 4:11). 2. Father of Ezri, David’s officer ( 1 Chronicles 27:26).

Che-lubai Caleb, son of Hezron ( 1 Chronicles 2:9) Chemarim (idol-priests ). An ascetic; one who goes about dressed in black ( Zephaniah 1:4). Idolatrous priests in 2 Kings 23:5. Priests of false worship ( Hosea 10:5). Chemosh (“subduer” ) The national god of the Moabites ( 1 Kings 11:7; Jeremiah 48:7), who were called the people of Chemosh ( Numbers 21:29). Also of the Ammonites, though Moloch was afterward their god (Jeremiah 49). Moloch and Chemosh may mean the same god, who might have been also called Baal Peor. Traces of the same worship are found at Babylon, Tyre, and it was introduced among the Hebrews by Solomon, who built a high place on the Mount of Offense, so named for that act. The Arabs worshiped a black stone as his emblem — as a black stone in the Kaaba at Mecca is an emblem now worshiped by all Muslims. This idol represented some of the planets: perhaps Saturn.

Chenaan ( Genesis 9:18 ). Chenaanah 1. Son of Bilhan, a Benjamite ( 1 Chronicles 7:10). 2. Father of Zedekiah ( 1 Kings 22:11,24).

Chenani A Levite ( Nehemiah 9:4).

Chenaniah Chief of the Levites ( 1 Chronicles 15:22,27).

Chephar-Haammonai (village of the Ammonites ); a city of Benjamin ( Joshua 18:24).

Chephirah (“the village” ) Benjamin (Joshua 9: 17). East of Yalo, two miles. Kefir (Rob., iii. 146). The Gibsonites of this place (and also Kirjath Jearim and Beeroth) played the trick on Joshua mentioned in Joshua 9:3, which led him to make a treaty with them.

Cheran Son of Dishon ( Genesis 36:26).

Chereas Brothers of Timotheus; governor of Gazara where he was slain by the Jews (2 Macc. 10:32,37).

Cherethim Cherethims; plural of Cherethites ( Ezekiel 25:16).

Cherethites and Pelethites Body-guard of David. No other king had one, that is recorded, but they had runners. Their captain was Benaiah the son of Jehoiadah ( 2 Samuel 8:18). Under Solomon, Benaiah was made general instead of Joab. The names are of Philistine origin, and the men may have been partly of Philistine and partly of Hebrew (refugee) origin, attached to David in his adversity, and rewarded by him in his prosperity.

Cherith The brook Cherith, in a valley now called Kelt, running by Jericho to the Jordan River ( 1 Kings 17:3,5; Josephus, Antiquities viii. 13, section 2). Some have supposed that it must be looked for on the east of the Jordan River.

Cherub (“mystic figure on the ark” ) Cherubim, plural. A keeper, warder or guard of the Deity. Josephus said no one in his day could even conjecture the shape of the cherubim that Solomon made for the Holy of Holies (Antiquities viii. 3, 3). They were of wood, gilded, and 15 feet high ( 1 Kings 6:23). Ezekiel describes them as having each four faces and four wings; but he gives only two faces (or it may be but one) to those in the temple on the walls. The cherubim of Revelation 4:7,8, are living creatures, with one body, four faces full of eyes, and six wings. The fourfold combination was of man, lion, ox, and eagle. Monstrous combinations of this kind are figured and sculptured both in Assyria and Egypt. These combined forms are symbolical of united powers; the lion of strength, royal majesty; the ox of patient industry; wings of swiftness, quickness, and the human head the intelligence to guide all these for one purpose; and thus showing that the divine government is sustained by intelligence, power, patience, and speed. They were servants of God, and they were ministers of vengeance ( Ezekiel 10:7; Revelation 15:7), and attendants of the heavenly king, praising and extolling the wonders of his grace ( Revelation 5:11), and thus always nearest to God, “in the midst of the throne” ( Revelation 4:4-6), while others as angels and elders were round about the throne. They are especially called living creatures (Ezekiel and John), and so full of eyes, the peculiar sign of life. The cherubim were designed as symbols of faith and hope to man, pointing to the possibility of man attaining to the highest and holiest places. ( for picture of the Sphinx, and for winged figures).

Chesalon (“flank” ) Judah ( Joshua 15:10). Now Kesla, 7 miles west of Jerusalem.

Chesed (increase ). Son of Nahor ( Genesis 20:22 ).

Chesil Simeon ( Joshua 15:30). Near the desert, south.

Chest (Hebrew: aron and genazim ). Meaning Ark of the Covenant, Joseph’s coffin, and the contribution box in the temple. Treasuries in Esther 3:9.

Chestnut tree In the King James Version ( Genesis 30:37; Ezekiel 31:8) the translation of the Hebrew: aron the plane tree. In Ecclus 24:14, wisdom is a plane tree by the water.

Chesulloth (“loins” ) Issa. Between Jezreel and Shunem ( Joshua 19:18). Iksal? Chisloth Tabor?

Chettim (1 Macc. 1:1).

Chezib (“false” ) Birthplace of Shelah ( Genesis 38:5). . A fountain and ruins 10 miles southwest of Beit Jibrin. Chidon (“javelin” ) Near Kirjath Jearim ( 1 Chronicles 13:9; 2 Samuel 6). An accident happened here to the ark while on its way to Jerusalem. Chickens (2 Esdras 1:30; Matthew 23:37 ). Child Were regarded as God’s gifts. Parents were bound to teach them their own faith and fit them to occupy the place of true members of the covenant ( Genesis 18:19; Deuteronomy 6:7; 11:19), and required of children a kind of sacred reverence, sanctioned in the Decalogue; the parent standing to his children as God does to the parent. At five the child was placed under the father’s special care, and at twelve the son was called the son of the law. Very severe laws regulated the conduct of the child and punished misconduct ( Leviticus 19:3; Exodus 21:15,17; Deuteronomy 27:16), in the father as well as the son ( Deuteronomy 21:21). Property descended to the sons in equal shares, the oldest having a double portion, no wills being necessary. The child might be sold for a debt of the parent ( 2 Kings 4:1; Isaiah 1:1; Nehemiah 5:5), until the year of jubilee. The word child also means a person noted for certain qualities, as “children of the world” — selfish; “children of light” having religion; “child of song,” a good singer.

Chilion (“sickly” ) Son of Elimelech. An Ephrathite ( Ruth 1:2-5; 4:9).

Chilmad On the Euphrates; mentioned by Xenophon (Anabasis i. 5, 10). Had traffic with Tyre ( Ezekiel 27:23).

Chilham (longing ). Son of Barzillai — returned with David ( Samuel 19:37,38,40; Jeremiah 41:17 ). Chinnereth Naph. Fortified city ( Joshua 19:35). Lost. It is a question which was named first, the lake or the city. Gennesar is a proper change of the same name. .

Chios Island in the Aegean Sea,5 miles from the shore of Asia Minor, 32 miles long, 8 to 18 miles wide (Acts 20—21).

Chislon (confidence — hope ). Father of Elidad, the prince of Benjamin ( Numbers 34:21).

Chisloth-Tabor (“loins — flanks” ) West end of Mount Tabor ( Joshua 19:12). Iksal?

Chittim, Kittim (“maritime” ) Josephus says it was Cyprus. Mentioned many times ( Genesis 10:4; 1 Chronicles 1:7; Numbers 24:24). Fleets from Tyre sailed there ( Isaiah 23:1,12; Jeremiah 2:10). Cedar or box-wood was got there ( Ezekiel 27:6). Some suppose the name means all the islands settled by the Phoenicians, as Crete, the Cyclades, etc. Chloe (verdant — short ). A disciple mentioned by Paul ( Corinthians 1:11 ).

Choba Ephraim ( Judges 4:4). (15:4,5). Hobah?

Chorashan (“smoking furnace” ) Visited or haunted by David ( 1 Samuel 30:30). May be the of Simeon, south of Hebron ( Joshua 15:42). Chorazin One of the cities in which the mighty works of our Lord were done ( Matthew 11:21; Luke 10:13), 2 miles from Capernaum. Supposed to he Kerazeh,a small Arab village 3 miles inland from Tell Hum. The woes pronounced upon this city have come to pass. Its site even is doubtful.

Chozeba ( 1 Chronicles 4:22). Christ Title of Jesus as the Messiah. . Christian Followers of the highest and best known divine laws as taught by Jesus Christ. The name Christian was given to the disciples of Jesus at Antioch by the Greeks in derision, in the reign of Claudius. They were before that called Nazarenes and Galileans.

Chronology The chronology of the Bible is that of the Jews and their ancestors, from the earliest records to the end of the writing of the New Testament. Since the Bible is not a complete history of the whole time it represents, nor of the whole world, it must not be expected to have a continuous chronology. Designed alterations by bad men and careless copying have changed many points, and have made it necessary to exercise the greatest care in determining and correcting the errors. The Jews were not a mathematical people, or scientific in any respect, and computed the year by observation only. The Egyptians and Chaldees were far in advance of the Hebrews in science, and attained to a high standard of mathematical knowledge and chronological computation. The observation of the moon was the basis of the year’s reckoning. Messengers were stationed on the heights around Jerusalem, on the 30th day of the month, to announce the appearance of the new moon, who reported to the Sanhedrin. This custom, among the Jews, was older than Moses, as appears in the regulation of it in Numbers 28:11. The year was made of twelve moons; and every fourth or fifth year a month was added at the end of the year, after the month Adar, called Veadar, Second Adar. The sacred year began with the month Nisan, in which Moses brought Israel out of Egypt ( Exodus 12:2; Esther 3:7). The civil year began as now, with the month Tishri, which was supposed to be the month of the creation. The year was also dated from the king’s reign, as in Esther, Chronicles, Kings, etc.; from the building of King Solomon’s temple; and from the beginning of the Babylonian captivity. The week was of seven days, ending with the Sabbath. The Egyptians and Greeks divided the month into periods of ten days, called decades. The day was divided into night and day: thus, in Genesis 1:5, “the evening and the morning were the first day.” The evening began at sunset, the morning at sunrise. There were four divisions of the day in common use — evening, morning, double light (noon), and half night (midnight). The night was divided into watches, the first and the second. A middle watch is mentioned once in Judges 7:19; and the morning watch in Exodus 14:24, and 1 Samuel 11:11. Four night-watches were adopted from the Romans in later times ( Mark 8:35). The day and the night were divided into 12 hours each ( Daniel 4:19,33). The Egyptians divided the day and night into hours from about 1200 B.C. The division into 24 hours was unknown before the fourth century B.C. The most common usage was to divide the day by the position of the sun, as the Arabs do now. The length of the day was longer in summer than in winter, and the hour longer in proportion. There were many contrivances for measuring time, such as dials, gnomons and clepsydrae, which had long been known by other nations. The day was divided into four parts only for the Temple service ( Acts 2:15; 3:1; 10:9). The Sabbath (a day of rest), at the end of the week, was kept up by the patriarchs, and continued by the law of Moses, as a memorial of the deliverance from Egypt (Deuteronomy 5), and was a day of joy and rejoicing. The morning and evening sacrifice in the Temple were doubled, the shewbread changed for fresh, the law was publicly read and expounded; and this custom, simple at first, finally developed into the grand ceremonials of the Synagogue, especially under Ezra, after the return from Babylon. The resurrection of our Lord Jesus, the Christ, occurred on the FIRST day of the week (John 20), and several of his appearances to his friends and disciples happening on that day also, the day of Pentecost in that year fell on that day, when the miraculous gift of tongues prepared the apostles for their peculiar work among all nations; therefore it was adopted as the day for stated meetings of the believers, and called the Lord’s day. The seventh day, the seventh month, the seventh year, and the (the 49th or 50th), were sacred, and had their festivals and privileges. The seventh month contained the , the and the (which was the most joyful of all the Hebrew festivals), and the opening of the New Year. On the seventh year the land was to rest ( Exodus 23:10), in which no field was to be tilled nor vineyard dressed, nor even grain gathered that had sowed itself, nor grapes plucked. All debts were released. The Sabbatical year completed the Sabbatical scale. It began on the seventh month, and was marked by high and holy occupation, connected with sacred reflection, and was completed in the . It is quite certain that the year of jubilee was the 49th. It was to begin on the tenth day of the seventh month, at the sound of a horn (trumpet) all through the land (Leviticus 25). The laws respecting this year were: 1. Rest for the soil; 2. Restoration of land to its original owner; 3. Freedom to all slaves, whether by poverty or other causes. A notable instance of the release from debt is recorded in Nehemiah 5, after the captivity, when the people were rebuilding the walls. There were several eras used in reckoning, by writers, and as national customs. 1. The Exodus ( 1 Kings 6:1; Numbers 33:38), counting from the first starting out of Egypt. 2. The foundation of King Solomon’s Temple. 3. The captivity of Jehoiachin ( Ezekiel 1:2; 29:1; 2 Kings 25:27; Jeremiah 52:31). 4. The return from the captivity of Babylon ( Ezekiel 3:1,8). 5. The era of the Seleucidae. 6. The year of liberation under Simon Maccabaeus, marked by coins (1 Macc. 13:41). And the years of the reign of each king. In his own time, reckoned from the beginning of the new year next after his accession. The original records are so few, and so indefinite, that it is difficult to fix on the precise date of any event, either in the Old or the New Testament. The Bible does not give a connected chronology from Adam down, nor from Noah, nor even from Abraham; nor is there any apparent purpose or system of dates that we can find. At one time it was expected that a better acquaintance with the originals would disclose a perfect system of chronology, giving periods, years, months, and even days; but such close study has unexpectedly shown us that the Bible treats of men and character, and God’s dealing with man, and of certain distinct and separate periods of time only as were occupied in the passing events recorded. The people of the East, and the Arabs of the desert in particular, have never been mathematical, founding their chronology on astronomy; but have from the first regulated their calendar by observation only. Since they did not have the exact machinery of our modern clocks for determining the precise times of the sun’s, moon’s or stars’ rising and setting, eclipses, etc. (which are the foundation of our most exact calculations), they never could have had more than a moderate degree of accuracy in their observations. The new moon would be expected on a certain day, and the precise moment of its appearance would depend on the place of observation, on a hill or in a valley, and the careful watch and good eyesight of the sentinel. The true figures of the original Hebrew chronology are very obscure in many instances, because there are three different versions — the Hebrew, the Samaritan and the Septuagint — each of which gives a different series of figures for the ages of the patriarchs, as shown in the following: From the number 572 we may take the average years of each before the birth of the next, making a sum of 142, and this will leave 430. To the we may add the years of oppression ( Exodus 1:8-22) after Joseph died, say 64, and this gives the number required. Joshua’s ancestry, from Ephraim, is given in 1 Chronicles 7:23-27; and if their ages were equal to their brethren of the other tribes mentioned, 430 years is not too long a period. The specimen of ancient Egyptian papyrus preserved in the Bibliotheque at Paris, and published in facsimile (plural V. in the Astor Library), gives independant and disinterested evidence on the question of the long life of Jacob and others of this age. At the close of the essay (on morals) the writer says: I have become an elder on the earth; I have traversed years of life by the gift of the king and the approval of the elders, fulfiling my duty toward the king in the place of favor.” The inscriptions at Memphis corroborate this account, and show that the writer Ptah-hotp, was the oldest son of Assa, 5th king of the 15th dynast (B.C. 1960-1860), whose father’s age must have been at least 130. Manetho also verifies the same point. The increase of the Jews in Egypt was from seventy families to about three million. From Exodus to the Foundation of King Solomon’s Temple, 480 years ( 1 Kings 6:1). B.C. 445 Walls of Jerusalem rebuilt by Nehemiah. Herodotus reads his history at Athens. The age of Phidias (sculptor), Euripides (poet) Pericles in Greece. Military tribunes in Rome. 425 Xerxes II, king of Persia (Darius II, 424). Thucydides (historian. His book ends B.C. 410, and Xenophon’s begins). 414 Amyrtaeus, king of Egypt, revolts from Persia. The Athenians, being alarmed by an eclipse, are defeated before Syracuse, Sicily. — 413. Archelaus, king of Macedon. The 400 rule in Athens. 404 Artaxerxes II, king of Persia. — 401. Xenophon and the 10,000 retreat. Socrates dies. 383 Mithridates, king of Pontus. Bithynia made a kingdom. Plato (philosopher). Aristaeus (mathematician). 368 A celestial globe brought from Egypt to Greece. 366 Jeshua slain by Johanan in the temple of Jerusalem. — 361. Darius Ochus king of Persia. 360 Cappadocia made a kingdom. Tachos, king of Egypt. Philip II, king of Macedon. Demosthenes. 356 Temple of Diana was burned at Ephesus. Alexander was born. 349 Darius Ochus takes Egypt and robs the temples. Aristotle (tutor to Alexander, 343). — 345. 12 cities in Italy buried by an earthquake. — 336 . Eclipses first calculated by Calippus of Athens. 330 Alexander conquers Persia. He enters Jerusalem. Seeing the high priest, Jaddua, in his sacred robes, he respects him, and offers sacrifice to Jehovah. — 323. Alexander died at Babylon. 100,000 Jews carried into Egypt by Ptolemy. Onias I, high priest. — 312. Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria. 311 Judaea subject to Antigonus. Appian Way made. 301 Judaea under the Ptolemies. Euclid, mathematician in Alexandria.

Chinese wall built. 284 Colossus of Rhodes. Sect of Saducees. The Pharos (first light-house) at Alexandria. 267 Ptolemy makes a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. Silver money coined. Parthia. 248 Onias II, high priest. — 246. Ptolemy Euergetes conquers Syria. — 237. Simon II, high priest. 241 Attalus I, king of Pergamus. Archimedes, mathematician. 203 Judaea conquered by Antiochus. Onias III, high priest. — 200. Jesus, son of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus). First mention of the Sanhedrin (70 rulers). 187 Syria a Roman province. — 175. Jason, high priest. The temple plundered by Antiochus Epiphanes, and dedicated to Jupiter Olympus (168). 165 Judas Maccabaeus expels the Syrians and purifies the temple. Rise of the Pharisees. 161 First treaty with the Romans. — 146. Carthage destroyed. 135 End of the Apocrypha Antiochus IV, (Sidetes) besieged Jerusalem. 130 John Hyrcanus delivers Judaea from the Syrians, and reduces Samaria and Idumaea. 107 Aristobulus, king of Judaea. — 116. Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of Egypt. — 107. Alexander I, king of Egypt. 105 Alexander Jannaens at war with Egypt. Libraries of Athens sent to Rome by Sylla (86). 92 Tigranes, king of Armenia. See portrait in . 79 Alexandra, widow of Jannaeus, governs Judaea. Pompey in Africa. Julius Caesar. 70 Hyrcanus II, high priest, deposed by his brother Aristobulus. They appeal to Pompey, who conquers Judaea and Syria, and makes them Roman provinces. — 63. Antiochus XII, the last of the race of the Seleucidae. 53 The temple plundered by Crassus (proconsul of Syria). Augustus born. — 31. Caesar passes the Rubicon. 48 Antipater of Idumaea. Calphurnins Bibulus, governor of Syria. Battle of Pharsalia. 45 Caesar reformed the calendar, using solar years instead of lunar. Gives the Jews privileges. 44 Caesar assassinated. — 42. Battle of Philippi. 40 Herod the Great marries Mariamne, grand-daughter of Hyrcanus, and is made king by the Romans (at Rome, with Pagan sacrifices). — 30. Mariamne, and all the Sanhedrin but Pollio and Sameas, killed by Herod. 37 Romans assist Herod by taking Jerusalem. Antigonus, last Asmonean, killed at Antioch. 30 The Roman Republic becomes a monarchy. Antony and Cleopatra in Egypt. 27 Battle of Actium. The title of Augustus (Venerable) created and given to Caesar Octavius. 20 Augustus (nephew of Julius Caesar) visited Judaea and enlarged Herod’s kingdom, by Paneas, where Herod built a temple in honor of Augustus (Caesarea Philippi), ordering pagan games to be celebrated every fifth year. Herod built a temple at Samaria and called the city Sebaste (Venerable). He began to rebuild the temple, which was finished in the reign of Herod Agrippa II, A.D. 65. 15 Augustus (Germanicus) assumes the title of Pontilex Maximus (Pope). — 11. Germany conquered by the Romans. 5 Varrus, gov. of Syria; Cyrenius (Quirinius) of Judaea. Cymbeline, king of Britain. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, historian. Herod robs the tomb of David. 4 Jesus the Christ born in Bethlehem. Flight into Egypt. Herod dies: his son Archelaus suceeds as Ethnarch. Herod Antipas tetrarch of Galilee. (For events in the life of Jesus and of Paul, see ). A.D. 14 Tiberius, emperor. — 19 Jews banished from Rome. Herod builds the city of Tiberias. 25 Pontius Pilate, gov. of Judaea. — 26 . John the Baptist’s ministry begins. Thrace becomes a Roman province. — 27. Jesus baptized. 30 Crucifixion Friday, April 7th (Nisan 15th) Philo, a Jew of Alexandria. Seneca. 37 Apion of Alexandria (grammarian). See Josephus. Caligula emperor. 40 First Christians at Antioch, Syria. 41 Herod’s persecution. — 52. Council of Apostles at Jerusalem. 48 Population of Rome, 1,200,000. Chrysolite, Chrysoprase, Chrysoprasus Chub A country or people associated with Egypt. Lud, Phut and others in Ezekiel 30:5.

Chun (“to stand up” ) A city of Hadadezer ( 1 Chronicles 18:8). in Samuel 8:8. Church (“called” ) The Lord’s faithful people. The Lord’s house, where his people gather. A church is any number of souls, called and united in one vow, in one place, for divine worship, where the pure word is preached, and the sacraments duly administered, and godly living, after his law, as given by the head of the church, the Lord Jesus Christ. The church in Galatia means all the societies or churches in that country.

Chushan or Cushan-rishathaim (“Ethiopian of wickedness” ) King of Mesopotamia, who oppressed the Israelites for eight years. Probably a sheikh, not a king.

Chusi ( Judges 7:18 ). A place near Ekrebel.

Chuza (“seer” ) Steward of Herod Antipas ( Luke 8:3).

Cilici (“Cilix, son of Agenor” ) (Herodotus vii. 91). Asia Minor, southeast on the sea. Separated from Pamphylia, West, Lycaonia and Cappadocia, North, and Syria East, by lofty mountains. Chief rivers are Calycadnus, Cydnus, and Sarus. Fertile and populous. Tarsus was its capital. Josephus supposed it was the Tarshish of Genesis 10:4 (Antiquities i. 6, section 1.) Native land of Paul the Apostle. The high road between Syria and the West. The Roman general Pompey destroyed the pirates and robbers of Cilicia.

Cimah (“cluster” ), ( Job 9:9 ). Cinnamon A native of Ceylon and other islands of the Indian Ocean. It was one of the principal spices in the precious ointment used in the Tabernacle, and highly valued for its perfume ( Exodus 30:23; Proverbs 7:17).

Cinneroth ( 1 Kings 15:20). .

Cirama (Esdras 5:20 ). Ramah in Ezra 2:26. Circumcision (cutting around ). The cutting off of the foreskin of man, first practiced by Abraham by divine command, as a token of a covenant between God and man. It was a very ancient custom founded on (supposed) sanitary laws, by the Egyptians and Ethiopians, and the practice is widespread in modern days; the Abyssinian Christians holding to the rite strictly. The Egyptian priests were required to observe this rite, and it was only strictly binding on those who entered the priesthood. So it became the badge of a religion at made undue account of outward distinctions and merely natural virtues. The Hebrews were to practice it because they were to be a nation of priests ( Exodus 19:6), and it was to signify spiritual purity, being so considered by the leading men, implying a call to a holy life and purity of heart. The time was the 8th day after birth; among other people at full age — 20 years. Foreigners on adoption into the Hebrew nation were required to submit to it.

Cis ( Acts 13:21).

Cisai (Esther 11:2 ). Cistern A dug place, for the water of a spring, or from rain. Some were built up of stone and cement, and the best were cut in the solid rock. The largest are called pools, such as Solomon’s, the Royal Cistern, Bethesda, etc. ( .) A wheel is used to pan the rope over for drawing up the water, alluded to in Ecclesiastes 12:6. Keeping to one’s own sources of pleasure, and not meddling with the property of others, is taught in the Proverbs ( Proverbs 5:15), by the figure of the cistern. Idolatry is compared to broken cisterns ( Jeremiah 2:3).

Cittims (1 Macc. 8:5). Citizen Among Romans, etc. a member of the state, or of a city. Among the Hebrews a member of the nation at large. Paul was an instance of one born to the rights of a Roman citizen, which protected and benefited him on three occasions ( Acts 6:37; 22:25; 25:11). The Roman law made two classes of citizens: — the first entititled to hold office and vote, and carry on public and private business — the second to enjoy only the protection of the laws as a free man. The sacred law was the basis of the civil among the Jews, and citizenship was acquired by complying with the terms of the covenant, and lost by certain transgressions. Christians are counted as citizens of the celestial state.

City Any inhabited place, large or small.

Clauda An island southwest of Crete ( Acts 27:16). Now Gozzo. Claudia A British maiden; wife of Pudens, daughter of King Cogidubnus, an ally of Rome and a disciple ( 2 Timothy 4:21).

Claudius 5th emperor of Rome, A.D. 41 to 54. Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus. He succeeded Caligula. The famine mentioned in Acts 11:28, happened in his reign; and he banished all Jews from Rome ( Acts 18:2). His head is on the coin of Cyprus. Agrippina, his fourth wife, poisoned him. Clay A beautiful symbol of the divine power over the destinies of man was derived from the potter’s use of clay, as he produced such elegant and useful forms from such a crude material ( Isaiah 64:8; Romans 9:21). “It is turned as clay to the seal” ( Job 38:14), refers to the use of clay in stopping up doors in tombs or granaries, and the use of a seal engraved with a private design on the soft surface, leaving its impression as a protection against intrusion. Bricks were stamped also as may be seen on the numberless specimens from the ruins. Locks on the storehouses in the East are now further secured by the clay, stamped with a seal. Clean and Unclean Terms of frequent occurrence in the Bible, concerning the rites and usages of the Abrahamic covenant, having both a natural and a symbolical meaning. It is mentioned as in use at the sacrifice made by Noah and it is probable that it was then an ancient distinction. Animals, birds, beasts and reptiles were pronounced good for food without distinction ( Genesis 9:3). It then has no foundation in the laws of diet or health. The line was fixed by man between the wild, obnoxious, poison-fanged animals, filthy in habit and suggestive of evil, and the tame, docile creatures, more cleanly in their habits and more akin to the better instincts of mankind. The Egyptians sacrificed dogs, cats, crocodiles, etc., and held them as sacred. Moses, to separate his people from those pagans, confined sacrifices to animals from the flock and herd, sheep, goats and cattle, and to the dove species among birds; while, for food, a larger limit was allowed, but in the same time, the animals allowed being those that chew the cud and divide the hoof, among wild animals only the deer species, and of birds, a few were prohibited by name, and the rest allowed; of fish those that had both fins and scales; and of insects, locusts and grasshoppers. The unclean were called abominations, and were to work a spiritual defilement if eaten. The clean and unclean animals had a counterpart in the soul, and the restrictions laid on the appetite became a bit and bridle to the soul. This law was abolished by the Lord in a vision to Peter at Joppa. There were other laws relating to ceremonial impurity, touching certain animals, dead bodies, diseased persons, the intercourse between man and wife, and the office of the mother. Particulars in Leviticus. Cleave To adhere to; “clave to” ( Ruth 1:14); to divide; separated ( Acts 3:2).

Cleft ( Deuteronomy 14:6; Song of Solomon 2:14, etc. ).

Clement Mentioned by Paul in Philippians 4:3, with much esteem and honor, as his fellow laborer at Philippi, whose name (with the others) was in the book of life. He is said to have been bishop of Rome (Pope Clemens Romanus, the third from Peter), and wrote a letter to the Corinthians very much esteemed by the ancients and read publicly in the churches. It is in the Alexandrian manuscript copy of the Scriptures as Codex A.

Cleopas One of the two disciples that saw Jesus on the way to Emmaus.

Cleopatra Daughter of Antiochus III (the Great), and the name of several queens of Egypt. 1. Wife of Ptolemy V, called Epiphanes, B.C. 193; 2. Wife of Ptolemy VI, Philometer (Esther 11:1); 3. Wife of Alexander Balas, B.C. 150, daughter of No. 2; afterward given by her father to Demetrius Nicator (1 Macc. 11:12); also wife of Antiochus VII, Sideres, B.C. 125, who killed Demetrius. She murdered her son Seleucus, and died by a poison she had prepared for her second son, A. VIII. Cleophas ( John 19:25).

Cliff anciently called ( Isaiah 32:14). A steep rock split off by violence.

Climate There is no country in the world which has such a variety, of climate and temperature, within the same limits, as Palestine. On Mount Hermon and Mount Lebanon there is perpetual snow; and at Jericho, only 60 or miles, there is tropical heat. The hills of Bashan, Gilead, Galilee, Samaria, and Judaea, are the home of forests, vines, fig-trees, and all kinds of fruits and vegetables; and the plains produce bananas, oranges, etc. From Jerusalem to Jericho, in a direct line, is about 15 miles. At one place snow and ice sometimes are seen in the winter, but at the other frost is never known. Frost is also unknown in the plains of Sharon and Philistia. The temperature at Engedi is as high as that of Thebes, in Egypt. Palms grow as far north as Beirut, and bear fruit also at Damascus in sheltered positions. The greatest heat on the hills of Judaea, Hebron, and Jerusalem, is seldom above 90 degrees Fahrenheit, and the cold only once so low as 28 degrees in five years (Barclay). Damascus is cooler, the highest being 88 degrees, and the lowest 29 degrees. Highest in Judea 90 degrees. shade at noon; lowest 28 degrees, night. Damascus 88 degrees, noon: 29 degrees, night; winter. On Lebanon, Shumlan highest 82 degrees, in August. In Gennesaret, 450 feet above the sea, from March 17 to April 5, average, 63 degrees, and 73 degrees from 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. In May 78 degrees, and day only 83 degrees. Dead Sea shore,42 degrees; average, night 47 degrees, day 67 degrees, in January. In April 105 degrees, in the shade. The Arabs leave for the high lands in the hot months, June to Sept. Beersheba, February, night 31 degrees, noon 72 degrees; in summer degrees night, and 90 degrees day, highest range. Nablus is sheltered and warmer than Jerusalem; and Nazareth also. January — Last sowing of wheat and barley. Last roasting ears of grain (the 3rd crop of the year!). Trees in leaf. Almond blossoms, apricot, peach, plum, beans. Winter figs still on the trees. Cauliflowers, cabbages, oranges, lemons, limes, citrons. Mandrake in bloom; wormwood also. New leaves on the olive-trees. Fire is needed in the house. Many flowers. February — Barley may be sown. Beans, onions, carrots, beets, radishes, etc. Oranges, etc. Apple trees in bloom. Flowers in the fields abundant. March — Beans and peas in the market. Trees in full leaf. Barley ripe at Jericho. Fig tree blossoms while the winter fig is still on. First clusters of grapes. Pear trees, apple, palm, and buckthorn in bloom. Sage, thyme, mint, etc. Carob pods ripe. Celery. Rue, parsley, hyssop, leeks, onions, garlic, etc. Flowers carpet the fields. April — Barley and wheat harvest. Sugar-cane set. Beans, etc., lettuce, cucumbers; lavender, rosemary, mulberries. Oleander blossoms; also rose of Sharon. Great variety of flowers. Early ears of grain. Apricots. May — Harvest in the plains and on the hills. Almonds, apples, mandrakes, and many vegetables. Grass begins to wither for want of rain. Melons of all kinds, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes, grain. Walnuts, blackberries, sycamore and mulberry figs. June — Threshing grain. Figs, cherries, plums cedar-berries, olives, almonds, quinces, plainrain fruit, bananas, grapes, liquorice plant, dandelion, egg-plant, doum palm dates. Henna (for dyeing the nails) and roses gathered. July — Pears, nectarines, peaches, grapes, melons, potatoes, tomatoes, egg-plant, Indian figs, prickly pear (cactus fruit), gourds. Millet, donna, linseed, tobacco, grapes. August — All fruits and vegetables before named, and also citrons, pomegranates. Olives now perfect. Grapes. The fruit month. September — Every fruit and vegetable still in market. Cotton and hemp mature. Millet, donna, maize, lentils, chick-peas, lupines, beans, fenn-greek, fennel, castor-oil plant. Grapes. October — Sesame (for lamp oil) ripe. Wheat and barley may be sown. Vegetables planted. Olives yield the last berries. Pomegranates, pistachio nuts. Lettuce, radishes, and other garden sauce. Cotton mature. Fig leaves fall. Plowing. November — Principal sowing of wheat and barley. Trees lose their leaves. Early dates. Very few olives. Grapes. Plowing. December — Grass abundant. Wheat and barley may still be sown, and pulse also. Sugar cane, cauliflowers, cabbage, radishes, lettuce, lentils. Plowing. This calendar is mainly true of Jerusalem and the hill country. Some weeks allowance must be made for the higher temperature of the Jordan River valley, and the plains by the Mediterranean Sea. The average rainfall at Jerusalem for the year is 56; in very wet seasons it has gone higher, 85, 44—66 average. The average in London is only 25, in the highlands of England 60, in New York, 62, and the highest in the lake country 65. There is a wet and a dry season. In the wet, the winter, the rains fall in two series of showers, called the early (yoreh ) and the latter rain (malkosh ), with occasional lighter showers between, and many clear sunny days. The loss of rain is sure to affect the harvest, and a total lack of rain would destroy all crops ( Amos 4:7). From April to November there is scarcely ever a cloud. The dews are heavy often like a small shower. Chilly nights, succeeding hot days have always been a constant feature in the East ( Genesis 31:40). The different climate of Jericho has been often noticed. Josephus says, and it is true now, that linen clothing can be worn at Jerecho when there is snow in the hills around Jerusalem. The plains along the sea shore are but little hotter than the hills. Beirut is much hotter the year round than Jerusalem. In the desert are found the greatest extremes of heat and cold. In winter the heat will be greater than our summer in the day, and the night colder than our average winter. The winds are very regular in their season and effects. West or southwest wind invariably brings rain in winter ( Luke 12:54). The North wind is cool, but rare. The South wind is always hot (55; Job 37:17). The East wind is very rare in the winter, and, blowing on the desert in summer, is dry and hot ( Ezekiel 17:10; Hosea 13:15). In the Jordan River valley there is an under and an upper current. The under current blows down the valley in winter and up in summer. There are no East and West winds in the Arabah. Cloud . Pillar of a cloud. The peculiar sign and symbol of the Lord’s presence with his ancient people, during the exodus ( Exodus 13:21), as of a cloud by day and of fire by night. It disappeared (or is not mentioned) from the passage of the river Jordan River until the dedication of Solomon’s temple ( 2 Chronicles 5:13), and then only as a momentary sign for that occasion. The figurative use of the cloud has reference to the peculiar climate. “A cloud of the latter rain” ( Proverbs 16:15) means the gladdening influence of the king’s countenance when well favored toward his subjects. The commanding the clouds to rain not was a sign of desolation ( Isaiah 5:6; Deuteronomy 11:17). Dark clouds were emblems of gloom and sadness ( Joel 2:2). Swift wind-driven clouds, with lightning, were an emblem of Jehovah ( <19A403> Psalm 104:3). Their height expressed loftiness ( Psalm 57:10).

Clouted ( Joshua 9:5 ). Mended. Spotted.

Clouts ( Jeremiah 38:11,12 ).

Cast-off rags or torn clothes.

Cnidus Caria, southwest, in Asia Minor ( Acts 27:7). Passed by Paul.

Celebrated for the worship of the goddess Venus (Strabo xiv. 965).

Coaches ( Isaiah 66:20 ). Coal ( — black, and — burning ). There are veins of coal in Mount Lebanon, a few miles from Beirut, and it is probable that the Hebrews and Phoenicians knew and used it. But charcoal must have been specially meant in <19C004> Psalm 120:4, in coals of juniper; and only charcoal was used in the censer at the temple service. Coast border, bound ( Exodus 10:4; 14:19). Cock Domestic poultry are not mentioned in the Old Testament, unless in Isaiah 22:17,18. The compassion of the Lord toward Jerusalem is compared to the tender care of a hen over her chickens ( Matthew 22:37; Luke 13:34). The cockcrowing of Matthew 13:35, refers to a certain hour of the night, just before dawn, and the special signal given at that hour to Peter ( Matthew 26:34,74). They are on the monuments in Assyria but not in Egypt; also on the Etruscan pottery of great antiquity (Mrs. Gray’s Etruria), and on the coins of Greeks and Romans. The ancient Britons kept them, but did not think it right to eat them (Caesar’s Wars,5).

Coffer A box hanging from the side of a cart ( 1 Samuel 6:8,11,15; Ezra 6:2). “In a coffer.”

Colhozen (“all-seeing” ) A man of Judah ( Nehemiah 3:11,5).

Colius (1 Esdras 9:23) Collars ( Judges 8:26). College ( 2 Kings 22:14; and second in Zephaniah 1:10). Where Huldah the prophetess lived “in the lower (or second) part of the city” ( Nehemiah 11:9).

Collops of fat ( Job 15:27). Slices of fat. Colony Philippi, in Macedonia, is so called ( Acts 16:12). A body of citizens sent out to found a new state for themselves, under the same laws and rights.

Colors There are about twenty different words, meaning color, in the Old Testament; but only white, black, red, yellow or green are distinctly named. In the New Testament there are seven words meaning color: 1. Leben , white (Lebanon, white mountains). Milk is leben, and so is manna, snow, horses, clothing, the moon, the pale face, and white hair. It was the symbol of joy, of innocence, purity; the clothing of angels, saints, and of Jesus. 2. Shahor , black: as hair, complexion of the sick, horses mourners’ robes, clouded sky night, turbid brook; and as opposed to white, the symbol of evil. 3. Adom , red (Adam). Blood, pottage of lentiles, a horse, wine, complexion, leprous spot, a grape-vine; and the symbol of bloodshed. 4. Argaman , purple. Made at Tyre, from a shell-fish. The color was only a drop in the throat of each animal. It was purple, violet, or blue, according to the fixing. Some say the violet (or blue) was had from a different shellfish, and called: 5. Tekeleth , blue. The deep blue of the sky, violet, and sometimes as black; the ribands and fringes of the Hebrew dress ( Numbers 15:38), tapestries of Persia (robes of perfection in Ezekiel 23:12). 6. Shani , shine (as scarlet); tolaath , worm scarlet (our word vermillion means worm color). Lips, in Song of Solomon 4:3, fire; scarlet robes were luxuries, and appropriate for a warrior’s cloak ( Nahum 2:3). The vermillion of the ancients was like our Venitian-red — dull red — such as is seen on the monuments, where it has preserved its tint for many ages. Colosse On the Lycus, a branch of Meander, in Phrygia, near Laodicea ( Colossians 2:1; 4:13). Pliny (Nat. Hist, v. 41) describes it as a celebrated city in Paul’s time. Paul founded a church here, on his third tour. The ruins of the ancient city are near the modern village of Chonas.

Comforter A name given to the Holy Spirit ( 2 Samuel 10:3).

Commerce (“trade”, Hebrew: rekel, “traffic” ) The first record of bargain and sale is of Abraham’s purchase of the burialplace for Sarah of Ephron, at Hebron, for 400 shekels weight (as sovereigns are weighed at the Bank of England) of silver. Job throws much light on the commerce, manufactures and science of his age. He mentions gold, iron, brass (copper or bronze), lead, crystal, jewels, weaving, merchants, gold from Ophir, topazes from Ethiopia, building of swift ships, writing in books, engraving on plates of metal and stone, and fine seal or gem engraving; fishing with hooks, nets, spears: harp, organ, and names of stars. The history of Sidon and Tyre is a record of commercial affairs; and that of the building of King Solomon’s Temple is also. Foreigners were the principal traders before the Captivity, but after that, and especially after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, the Jews have been an entire people of traffic.

Compel ( Mark 15:21 ). To press into service.

Conaniah (whom Jehovah hath sent ). Chief of the Levites in time of Josiah ( 2 Chronicles 35:9).

Concision (“cutting off” ) A term of contempt for outward circumcision ( Philippians 3:2).

Concordance A book which gives the names of persons, places and things (and ideas by their chief word), with many definitions, in alphabetical order, with a reference to the place where each may be found. They are useful for comparing passages bearing on the same subject, which may explain each other, and for finding the place where any particular text or subject is located. So, in a few minutes, all the texts on the subject of the Lord’s Supper may be found and read. The first work of the kind was made by Antony of Padua (born A.D. 1195, died 1231).

Con-cu-bine A wife of second rank, where more than one wife was allowed. Her condition was assured and provided for by Moses. She was either 1. A Hebrew girl bought; 2. A captive taken in war from the Gentiles; 3. A foreign slave bought; 4. Or a Canaanite woman, bond or free. She could not be sold, but might be sent away free.

Conduit (French, aqueduct ), ( 2 Kings 17:17). The largest mentioned is from Solomon’s Pool to the Temple site.

Coney (Hebrew: shaphan, rabbit ). The Syrian Hyrax. Its habits are very much like the rabbit, only it is a little larger. Its teeth and hoofs (instead of claws on each toe), are like those of the rhinoceros ( Leviticus 11:5; Deuteronomy 14:7; <19A418> Psalm 104:18; Proverbs 30:26) Confection (a compound ), ( Exodus 30:35).

Con-gre-ga-tion (edah ). The Hebrew people collected as a holy community, held by religious bonds (for political ends). Circumcision and full age (20), were the requisites for membership, which might be forfeited for certain faults ( Deuteronomy 23:1-8). During the Exodus the whole nation could gather from their tents, but when they occupied the country on both sides of the Jordan River, it became a necessity to appoint representatives, who are called, in Numbers 1:16, persons “wont to be called the,, Congregation”;. and, in Numbers 16:2, they are styled “chiefs of the Congregation, who are called to the Convention”; and, in Exodus 38:25, their name is, “those deputed to the assembly” (numbered in the King James Version). Besides these, the heads of families (patriarchs — sheikhs now), and a fourth class, the judges of cities, magistrates (cadi, now). They met at the door of the tabernacle, or in some other noted places, as Shechem by Joshua; Mizpeh by the Levite ( Judges 20:1); Gilgal by Samuel. In the Exodus the sound of the trumpet called the assembly together ( Numbers 10:2-4), but in Canaan messengers were used of necessity. It did not have legislative powers, for the law of Moses was supreme, but by-laws could be made. They could not lay taxes. The divine law was submitted to the assembly for acceptance or rejection ( Exodus 19:3-9; 24:3). Chiefs were confirmed in their office (or rejected) by this body ( Numbers 27:19; 1 Samuel 11:15, 2 Samuel 5 etc.). The assembly could arrest the execution of the king’s sentence, as Jonathan was “rescued” ( 2 Samuel 14:44,45), by the action of the Edah. Peace and war with foreign powers were considered in it ( Joshua 9:15,18). It was the high court of appeal, and had control of death-penalties. After Jeroboam’s usurpation, it was called the Congregation of Jerusalem ( 2 Chronicles 30:2), or of Judah ( 2 Chronicles 30:25). It finally was reduced to the 721 members of the Sanhedrin.

Coniah ( Jeremiah 22:24).

Cononiah A Levite; ruler of the offerings in Hezekiah’s time ( 2 Chronicles 31:12,13).

Conscience Internal knowledge; moral faculty which judges between right and wrong ( John 8:9).

Conver-sa-tion The whole tenor of one’s life, acts, and thoughts.

Cooking Con-vo-cation The religious gathering on the Sabbath and the great feast-days.

Coos Cos Island at the east entrance to the Archipelago, and between Miletus and Rhodes, and the peninsulas on which are Halicarnassus and Cnidus ( Acts 21:1) 21 miles long, northeast to southwest, and 6 miles wide. It was an important island in Jewish history from early times (1 Macc. 15:23; Josephus, Antiquities xiv. section 2). Stanchio.

Copper (Hebrew: nehosheth ).

Copper was and is now used more extensively in the East than any other metal. There is no certain mention of iron in the Scriptures, and all kinds of instruments, weapons and tools must have been made of copper or bronze, which is a mixture of copper and tin. Wherever brass, iron and steel are mentioned copper was the metal meant in the original. Copper money, in great quantities, is often found buried, dated many centuries back. .

Coral (“lofty” ) Coral is mentioned only twice in Scripture ( Job 28:18; Ezekiel 27:16). It often occurs in ancient Egyptian jewelry. The coral which is described as being brought from Syria was probably that of the Red Sea where coral abounds.

Corban (“a sacred gift” ) A present devoted to God or to his temple ( Matthew 23:18). The Jews were reproved by Christ for cruelty to their parents in making a corban of what should have been theirs ( Mark 2:7).

Coriander An aromatic plant found in Egypt Persia and India, mentioned twice in Scripture ( Exodus 16:31; Numbers 11:7).

Cord The word cord means line, band, rope thread, string, etc. It is made of various materials according to its uses. Strips of camel hide are still used by the Bedouins. The finer sorts were made of flax ( Isaiah 19:9); others of the fibre of the date palm, and of reeds and rushes. The tent being an image of the human body, the cords which held it represented the principle of life ( Job 4:21). For leading or binding animals ( Psalm 18:27). For bowstrings made of catgut ( Psalm 11:2). A line of inheritance ( Joshua 17:14; 19:9). Corinth On the isthmus that joins Peloponnesus to Greece. The rock, Acrocorinthos, south of the city, stood 2,000 feet above the sea, on the broad top of which there was once a town. The Acropolis of Athens can be seen from it, 45 miles (Liv. xlv. 28). It has two harbors: (now Kenkries), on the Saronic gulf,7 1/2 miles distant, east; and on the Gulph of Lepanto, 1 1/2 miles west (Strabo viii. 6). Corinth was the natural capital of Greece, and was the commercial center. Eminent for painting, sculpture, and works in metal and pottery. Famous for a temple to Venus of great wealth and splendor, the most ancient in Greece. Was the military center during the Achaian league. Destroyed by the Romans, B.C. 146, and after 100 years of desolation the new city visited by Paul was built by Julius Caesar, and peopled with freedman from Rome (Pausanias — Strabo). Paul lived here for eighteen months, and became acquainted with Aquila and Priscilla. The Posidonium, the sanctuary of Neptune was the scene of the Isthmian games, which were celebrated, every other year, and gave Paul some of his most striking imagery. It was Northeast of the city, near the harbor of Schoenas, now Kalamaki, on the Saronic gulf ( 1 Corinthians 9:24,26). The foot-races were run in the stadium; the boxing held in the theater; and the victor’s wreaths were made from the pines that grew near.

Corinthians The people of Corinth. For Paul’s letters to, see .

Cor-mo-rant The cormorant (Hebrew: shalak , Leviticus 11:17; Deuteronomy 14:17); and Pelican (Hebrew: kaath , <19A206> Psalm 102:6). Common in Syria, among the rocks on the coasts.

Corn A term for all kinds of grain. The grains and loaves of Indian corn (maize), were found under the head of an Egyptian mummy, and it is supposed to be mentioned by Homer and Theophrastus. The offering in Leviticus 2:14, was of green grain, roasted, which was eaten with oil, etc. ( Leviticus 2:15). The “seven ears of grain” on one stalk is possible, and has been noticed (north Y. Evening Post, Aug. 26, 1863) lately in this country and is in accord with the proper character of maize, but not of wheat, and we may so understand the dream interpreted by Joseph.

Cor-nelius A Roman centurion, commander of 100 ( Acts 10:1). He seems to have worshipped the true God before his conversion ( Acts 10:2), and not the pagan deities. He was the first Gentile convert, and was received by Peter.

Corner The Levitical law gave a portion of the field called a “corner” to the poor, and the right to carry off what was left, also the gleanings of the trees and the vines ( Leviticus 19:9). See also , .

Corner Stone A stone of size and importance in the corner of a building, uniting two walls. This is laid with ceremonies in large buildings. Christ is the cornerstone of our salvation ( Ephesians 2:20: 1 Peter 2:6; Matthew 21:42).

Cornet Corruption, Mount of ( <120301>2 Kings 3:13. ) .

Cosam (“a diviner” ) Son of Elmodam, in the line of Joseph ( Luke 3:28).

Cotes Enclosures for sheep ( 2 Chronicles 32:28).

Cottage (“house” ), ( Isaiah 24:20 ). A tent or shelter made of boughs.

Cotton (Hebrew: karpas; Sanskrit: karpasam; Arabic, karfas ); mentioned in Esther 1:6, as green hangings. “Hanging curtains of calico, in stripes, and padded, are used, in India, as a substitute for doors.” In the king of Delhi’s palace there is a roof supported by beautiful pillars, between which hangs striped and padded curtains, easily rolled up or removed. Some of the passages where fine linen is said, in our version, cotton was probably the article meant in the original.

Coulter ( 1 Samuel 13:20,21 ). Plowshare. Council An assembly of people, rulers, priests or apostles. Court (Hebrew: chatser ). An enclosed space, or yard, belonging to a house.

Coutha A servant of the temple (1 Esdras 5:32). Covenant (Hebrew: berith ).

Contracts between men, and between God and men. Various rites were used: joining hands ( Ezekiel 17:18); by an oath ( Genesis 21:31); by a heap of stones; ( Genesis 31:46); by a feast ( Genesis 26:30); by sacrificing victims, dividing the parts, and both parties to the covenant walking between the parts of the sacrifice ( Genesis 15:8-17); and, more common and above all others, eating salt ( Numbers 18:19; Leviticus 2:13). The covenants between God and men were also ratified by signs. By the sacrifice, when a symbol of deity, a smoking furnace and a burning lamp, passed between the parts ( Genesis 15:17); by the 12 loaves on the table of shewbread ( Leviticus 24:6-8); and the crucifixion of the Christ ( Hebrews 9:15, 13:20; Isaiah 55:3).

Coz (“thorn” ) A man of Judah, also a Levite. ( 1 Chronicles 4:8; 24:10).

Cozbi (“false” ) A Midianite woman, daughter of Zur ( Numbers 25:15,18).

Cracknels Hard, brittle cakes ( 1 Kings 14:3).

Craftsman A mechanic ( Deuteronomy 27:15). Crane (Hebrew: agur ). Is a wader, migratory, utters a twittering cry, and goes in vast flocks ( Isaiah 38:14; Jeremiah 8:7). Creation The origin of all things, material and living, in the world, and this heavens around it (Genesis 1; <19E805> Psalm 148:5). When rightly understood God’s works and His Word are in harmony. The Mosaic account in Genesis opens with a notice of the work of God in the original creation of the world and the heavens, in the vastly remote past, and passes at once to the final preparation of the earth for man’s occupation, which has extended through six (geological) periods of unknown extent, which are called days. It is supposed by the geologist that the first formations were rocks, either in water by deposit, or both water and fire. There are traces of living things in the rocks, called fossils, and they are without eyes; perhaps because there was no light — for light was made after the heavier materials. Both vegetables and animals appear at the same time. These oldest rocks are called theCAMBRIAN, and are five miles thick. The next in the series is theSILURIAN, of sediment, whose thickness is six miles. Fossils are very numerous, and of low types, having no animal with vertebrae (back-bone), except a few fish on the very top. Vegetation first appears in this place. There was light, and there were eyes in the living things. The firmament (expanse) divided the waters above (clouds) from the waters below (the ocean). The third in the series is theOLD RED SANDSTONE, which marks the time when the great mountain ranges of the world were lifted into their present position. Sedimentary, and two miles thick, and having fossils of animals found in the other two, and of vertebrates. Dry land appeared, grass, herbs and trees. No land animals. The fourth was theCARBONIFEROUS (coal bearing), in which we find coal, minerals, limestone. Coal is made of wood, and the fossil wood found in the coal series does not show the rings which we now find in all wood as marks of the yearly growth, which is evidence of dense fogs and very pale light. The lifting of the fogs toward the end of this period, letting the sunshine on the earth, is described by Moses as the events of the fourth day. The fossil remains in these rocks are the same at the equator and everywhere, indicating a uniform heat all over the earth. Animal life on land is first seen: insects, such as beetles, scorpions, and reptiles — such as frogs. The fifth series was thePERMIAN which has remains of a higher order of vegetation and of animals, such as the saurians (lizards), and birds, whose fossils are in theNEW RED SANDSTONE of this series. TheTRIAS andOOLITE show fossils of more advanced orders, both vegetable and animal. Palm, pine, cypress, insects, and three kinds of lizards, called by Moses “the moving creature that hath life” — a better translation of the original being “the reptile that hath the breath of life” — and also great sea monsters (called whales in Genesis). The fossils of these animals exist in such amazing numbers as to give the name “age of reptiles” to this day, which was the fifth in the account of Moses. The next was theCHALK, which has but few remains, while the Tertiary, which followed, is full of mammals, such as cattle, beasts and creeping things, which mark the progress of the sixth day, which ended on the creation of man. There are no fossil remains of man among all the vast number of living things in all the series. And there are no animals now living on the earth whose origin cannot be traced in the fossil remains of similar races living on the earth before man was placed here. The discovery of flint implements (hatchets, spears, arrow-heads and wedges) in the gravel quarries of Abbeville and Amiens, France, does not carry back the history of man into the age of the extinct species of elephant, whose bones were found in the same deposit, because no human bones were found there. The truth of the Mosaic account is thus peculiarly shown in the records of the rocks. The account is true as it would appear if shown to a man in a vision, every item agreeing with the optical appearances. The most skeptical scientist of the present day admits that the breath of life was breathed into at least one original form — if not three or four — and that is the whole question. God did create a living being, or several; and since the most careful examination shows that species and groups of animals were from the first — in the oldest rocks, and in all of them — distinct, as distinct as they, are now, and so may have been created each by itself, “after its own kind.” The history of the past is proved true by the discoveries of the present. However short the account, the order, of the events is correct, according to science.

Crescens (“growing” ), ( 2 Timothy 4:10 ). One of the seventy disciples. An assistant of Paul. Crete south of the Archipelago; 160 miles long from east to West, and 6 to 35 miles wide. Homer says it had 100 cities (Iliad ii. 649; Virgil, Ae. iii. 106). Minos, the great legislator, was a native. Very mountainous, but full of fruitful valleys. There was a very early connection with the Jews ( 1 Samuel 30:14; 2 Samuel 8:18; Ezekiel 25:16; Zephaniah 2:5; 1 Macc. 10:67, 15:23; Josephus Antiquities xvii. 12, section 1). Cretans were at the feast of Pentecost at Jerusalem ( Acts 2:11). Visited by Paul (see Life).

Cretes ( Acts 3:11 ). ( Titus 1:12 ). People of Crete.

Crib ( Job 39:9 ), (“to fodder” ) Feeding-box for animals, made of small stones and mortar, or cut from a single stone.

Crisping-pins ( Isaiah 3:22 ).

Crispus (“curled”? ). Ruler of the Jewish synagogue ( Acts 18:8).

Crocodile (Hebrew: leviathan ). The Jewish translations of Job 41 gives crocodile for leviathan, and the description is very poetical as well as true. Herodotus says the Egyptians paid divine honors to this reptile, keeping a tame one, whose ears were hung with rings and fore-paws circled with bracelets; and when he died they embalmed his body. The worship began in the fear of man for the most terrible animal in the river Nile. Cross An upright stake, with one or more cross-pieces, on which persons were suspended for punishment. It was an emblem of pain, guilt and ignominy, but has been adopted by Christians as the most glorious badge of a servant and follower of the Christ, who was crucified on it. Constantine was the first emperor who adopted it as an ensign, whose coins bear its form, with monograms of Christ or of Constantine. The image was added to the cross, forming the crucifix, in the 6th century. The term “cross” was used for selfdenial by Jesus and others ( Matthew 16:24). See the picture on p. 40 in the book. Crown Originally the band or ribbon about the head or hair of a king or a priest. The ornamented cap differed in style in every country, as is shown on the sculptures and coins. A wreath of leaves crowned the winners in the Grecian games. The final inheritance of the saints is figured as a crown of righteousness ( 2 Timothy 4:8). The figures in the book are of crowns from Egypt: 1. Upper East; 2. Lower East; 3. Upper and Lower united; 4. Assyria; 5. Assyria (Sardanapalus 3rd); 6. Assyrian (Sennacherib); 7. Tigranes (Syria); 8. At Persepolis; 9. Crown of leaves, Roman grain of Galba. The Roman soldiers crowned Jesus with a wreath of thorn twigs, made from what is now called Christ’s thorn (zizyphus), and by the Arabs nubk, the jujube tree. It is very abundant, and forms dense thorny hedges (growing or laid in rows two or three feet high), through which no large animal can pass. Crucifixion Putting a person to death on a cross was a very common practice in ancient days, as hanging is now. Jesus was condemned to the cross by the Sanhedrin for blasphemy, and by Pilate for sedition against Caesar. The scarlet robe, crown of thorns, and other insults were the inventions of those engaged in the execution, and were peculiar to his case. Whipping was a part of the punishment, but in the case of Jesus was not the legal act, being applied before sentence. The sufferer was to carry his cross, or a part of it. The clothes were perquisites to the guards. A cup of stupefying liquor was often given in mercy, just before the hands and feet were nailed. The body was often left to waste away naturally on the cross, or be eaten by birds and beasts, by the Romans, but they allowed the Jews to bury then dead on account of the law of Moses ( Deuteronomy 21:22,23).

Constantine abolished crucifixion.

Cruse (Hebrew: tsappahath, “a flask” ) A small vessel for holding water and other liquids ( 1 Samuel 26:11,12,16), still used in the East. Crystal Three Hebrew words: 1. zekukith 2. gabish and 3. kerach are translated crystal. 1. is, no doubt, the word for glass; 2. means (“like”) clear ice; and 3. means “ice” or “frost”. “Clear as crystal,” is a figure in Ezekiel 1:22; Revelation 4:6; 21:11, etc.

Cuckoo (Hebrew: shachaph ), (Leviticus 11; Deuteronomy 14 ). The Arabs think its note sounds like yakoob, and so call it Jacob’s bird. It migrates, and winters in Palestine. Tristram suggests the shore petrel as the bird of the Hebrew text.

Cucumber (Hebrew: kishuim, heavy, hard to digest ). Grown only in the fertile land which is overflowed by the Nile, and is esteemed the coolest and most pleasant fruit in the East ( Isaiah 1:8).

Cumber Overload, harass ( Luke 10:40) Cumbrance Burden ( Deuteronomy 1:12).

Cummin (Hebrew: kammon ). An umbelliferous plant (fennel), bearing aromatic seeds, like anise, coriander, dill, and caraway. Used as a styptic after circumcision.

Cultivated for export ( Isaiah 28:25; Matthew 23:23). Cunning Skilful, expert as a workman ( Genesis 25:27). Cup (Hebrew: cos, kesaoth, gebia; Greek, poterion ). The designs were imitated from those of Egypt and Assyria, Phonicia, etc., as shown by the Scriptures and specimens from antiquity. They were of metal, earthenware, wood, etc. The “sea” or “laver” of Solomon’s temple was called a cup, and was of brass (bronze?), and highly ornamented with sculptured lilies. Pictures in the book are numbered: 1, 2, 3. From paintings at Thebes, Egypt. 4. Porcelain. 5. Green earthenware. 6. Coarse pottery. 7. Wood. 8. Arragonite. 9. Earthen. Bronze cups (and other vessels) are often found in the ancient tombs. A kind of stone was wrought into jugs and bottles, vases and cups at Alabastron, in Upper Egypt, now called alabaster. Matthew 26:7, should read alabaster “vase”, not “box”. The “Cup of the Ptolemies” is a work of the time of Nero, five inches high, of a single sardonyx, set in a base. and . 1. Lion head, Khorsabad. 2. Lion-head with handle. 3. From Khorsabad, all of bronze. 4. Red pottery, Nimroud. 5. Painted cup, Karamles. 6, 7. Bronze, Nimroud. The workmanship is excellent, and they are often ornamented with jewels. and embossed with sculptures of animals, or groups of men and animals. Cups of brass and silver are now in use all over the East: generally decorated with some sentence in Arabic of a mystical sense. and . The office of is of great antiquity, being mentioned at the courts of the Pharaoh, the Assyrian, Persian, and Jewish kings. of 2 Kings 18:17, should read “chief cupbearer”, as in Luther’s Bible, (“der Erzschenke”). The cup is used as a figure, of a man’s lot ( Psalm 11:6, etc.); of a nation’s great riches ( Jeremiah 51:7); as a contrast in “cup of God,” true worship, and “cup of devils” idolatry ( Psalm 75:8; Isaiah 51:17,22); signifying afflictions ( Matthew 20:22; 26:39); of salvation ( <19B613> Psalm 116:13), and of blessing ( Luke 22:17; 1 Corinthians 10:16).

Curtain (Hebrew: teriah ). Made of linen goats’ hair, silk, and cotton; used for beds, partitions in tents, and for doors in houses. Heaven compared to a curtain ( <19A402> Psalm 104:2; Isaiah 40:22). The curtains of the tabernacle were embroidered with many colors, in figures on fine linen. Curtains of Solomon ( Song of Solomon 1:5). Cush Son of Ham ( Genesis 10:6). Country in Africa. Ethiopia ( Ezekiel 39:10; 2 Chronicles 12:3). Tirhakah, king of Cush ( Isaiah 37:9). Modern name Kesh. Geez. People were black ( Jeremiah 13:23).

Cushite “Ethiopian” ( Numbers 12:1).

Cuthah, Cuth In Asia. Shalmaneser transplanted people from here to Samaria during the Jews’ captivity ( 2 Kings 17:24,30). Mixing with the Jews of the tribes they became the Samaritans, and were called Cuthaeans (Josephus, Antiquities ix. 14, section 3; xl. 8, section 6; xii. 5, section 5). Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Cuttings in the Flesh Mutilations of the body, practised by the Heathens in mourning for the dead ( Jeremiah 16:6,7; 41:5); prohibited to the Jews ( Leviticus 19:28).

Cyamon (“beans” ) Tell Kaimon on the east slope of Mount Carmel (Judith 7:3; Chelmon in Doway V). Burial place of Jair. Cymbal and Cymbals Cyprus Island off the coast of Phoenicia and Cilicia, 148 miles long, 40 wide, and irregular; (see map). The highest mountain is Olympus, 7,000 feet. Gold, silver, and copper are mined. Its cities were, Salamis, Citium (now Larneka), and Paphos (now Baffa), and many others. Alexander got ships there for his siege of Tyre. It was the birthplace of Barnabas ( Acts 4:36), and was visited by Barnabas and Paul (Acts 13). The Pagans worshiped Astarte (Venus), in a licentious manner. Barnabas and Mark (Acts 15) Cyprians, the people, in 2 Macc. 4:29. Cyrene Lybia, Africa. Founded B.C. 632, by Greeks. Built on a table-land 1,800 feet above the sea, in a region of great beauty and fertility, 500 miles west of Alexandria. The Pentapolis of Cyrenaica were Cyrene, Apollonia, Ptolemais, Arsinoe, and Berenice (Strabo, xvii.). After Alexander the Great’s death Jews were settled there with many privileges. In the time of Christ the Cyreneans had a synagogue in Jerusalem ( Acts 6:9; Philo). Simon, who bore the cross, was from Cyrene (Matthew 28, etc.). Lucius of Cyrene was with Paul and Barnabas ( Acts 13:1). Lucius and Mark are named as bishops of the church at Cyrene. Arabic name Ghrenna.