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CHAPTER LVII

After mentioning the removal of righteous persons as an awful symptom of the approach of Divine judgments, 1, 2, the prophet goes on to charge the nation in general with idolatry, and with courting the unprofitable alliance of idolatrous kings, 3-12. In opposition to such vain confidence, the prophet enjoins trust in God, with whom the penitent and humble are sure to find acceptance, and from whom they should obtain temporal and spiritual deliverances, 13-19. Awful condition of the wicked and finally impenitent, 20, 21.

NOTES ON CHAP. LVII

I shall give Bishop Lowth's translation of the two first verses, and give the substance of his criticisms with additional evidence.

Ver. 1. The righteous man perisheth, and no one considereth; And pious men are taken away, and no one understandeth, That the righteous man is taken away because of the evil. 2. He shall go in peace: he shall rest in his bed; Even the perfect man: he that walketh in the straight path.

Verse 1. "The righteous perisheth" - dba qdxh hatstsadik abad. There is an emphasis here which seems intended to point out a particular person. See below. Perisheth-As the root dba abad signifies the straying of cattle, their passing away from one pasture to another, I feel inclined to follow the grammatical meaning of the word "perish, "pereo. So the Vulpate, justus periit, from per, BY or THROUGH, and eo, to GO. In his death the righteous man may be said to have passed through life, and to have passed by men, i.e., gone or passed before them into the eternal world. A similar mode of speech is used by our Saxon ancestors to express death: , he went out of sight; and [A.S.] , he went away; and [A.S.], to fare forth, to die.

There are very few places in Isaiah where Jesus Christ is not intended; and I am inclined to think that He is intended here, THAT Just One; and perhaps Stephen had this place in view, when he thus charged the Jews, "Ye denied ton agion kai dikaion, that HOLY and JUST One, "Acts iii. 14. That his death was not laid to heart by the wicked Jewish people, needs no proof.

"Merciful men" - If the first refers to Christ, this may well refer to the apostles. and to others of the primitive Christians, who were taken away, some by death and martyrdom, and others by a providential escape from the city that they knew was devoted to destruction.

"The evil to come." - That destruction which was to come upon this disobedient people by the Romans.

Verse 2. "He shalt enter into peace "He shall go in peace"" - µwl awby yabo shalom; the expression is elliptical, such as the prophet frequently uses. The same sense is expressed at large and in full terms, Gen. xv. 15: µwlb ūytwba la abt htaw veattah libbo al abotheycha beshalom, "and thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace." They shall rest in their beds, each one walking in his uprightness "He shall rest in his bed; even the perfect man."] This obscure sentence is reduced to a perfectly good sense, and easy construction by an ingenious remark of Dr. Durell. He reads µt wbkm l[ jwny yanuach al mishcabo tam, "the perfect man shall rest in his bed. " Two MSS. (one of them ancient) have jwny yanuach, singular; and so the Vulgate renders it, requiescat, "he shall rest. " The verb was probably altered to make it plural, and so consistent with what follows after the mistake had been made in the following words, by uniting wbkm mishcabo and µt tam into one word. See Merrick's Annotations on the Psalms, Addenda; where the reader will find that J. S. Moerlius, by the same sort of correction, and by rescuing the adjective µt tam, which had been swallowed up in another word in the same manner, has restored to a clear sense a passage before absolutely unintelligible:- wml twbxrj ya yk lemo chartsubboth ein ki :µlwa ayrbw µt ulam ubari tham "For no distresses happen to them; Perfect and firm is their strength." Psa. lxxiii. 4.

To follow on my application of this to our Lord: - HE, the JUST ONE, shall enter into peace-the peaceable, prosperous possession of the glorious mediatorial kingdom. They shall rest upon their beds-the hand of wrong and oppression can reach these persecuted followers of Christ no more.

(But see below.) The perfect man walking in his uprightness. This may be considered as a general declaration. The separated spirit, though disunited from its body walking in conscious existence in the paradise of God, reaping the fruit of righteousness. The word which we render their beds, µtwbkm Dmishkebotham, the learned bishop supposes to be two words; and to be compounded of wbkm mishkabo, his bed, and µt tam, the upright or perfect man. This is the reading both of the Syriac and Vulgate, and it is favoured by the Chaldee: and one of De Rossi's MS. has wbkm mishkabo, his bed, without the word mt tam, which has been added by a later hand. Bishop Lowth, as we have seen, adopts this separation of the word and for wjwny yanuchu, they shall rest, reads hwny yanuach, he shall rest, which is supported by two of Dr. Kennicott's MSS., and by the Vulgate, Septuagint, and Arabic. The word µt tam, taken from µtwbkm mishkebotham, should begin the latter clause of the verse; and then the interpolated words, each one, which our translators supplied, may be very well spared. The verse may be then read and paraphrased thus;] He shall enter into peace: he shall rest upon his bed; The perfect man walking in his uprightness.

The bed must signify the grave; the walking in uprightness after death, the conscious existence of the happy spirit, and its eternal progression in happiness and perfection: wjkn nechochol straight before him; proceeding into the unlimited extent of eternal glory, increasing in happiness, and increasing in perfection.

My old MS. Bible translates very nervously:-

The rigtwise man perishith, And there is not that bethinke in his herte.t.

And men of mercy ben gedrid, For there is not that understonde: From the face of malice, Gedreid is the rigtwise.

Cumm pese: reste it in his bed That geede in his rigt rewlinge.

It has been often remarked that, previously to the execution of God's judgments upon a wicked place, he has removed good men from it, that they might not suffer with the wicked. When great and good men are removed by death, or otherwise, from any place, the remaining inhabitants have much cause to tremble.

Verse 6. "Among the smooth stones of the stream "Among the smooth stones of the valley"" - The Jews were extremely addicted to the practice of many superstitious and idolatrous rites, which the prophet here inveighs against with great vehemence. Of the worship of rude stones consecrated, there are many testimonials of the ancients. They were called baituloi and baitulia probably from the stone which Jacob erected at Beth-el, pouring oil upon the top of it. This practice was very common in different ages and places. Arnobius, lib. i., gives an account of his own practice in this respect before he became a Christian: Si quando conspexeram lubricatum lapidem, et ex olivi unguine sordidatum; tanquam inesset vis praesens, adulabar, affabar, et beneficia poscebam nihil sentiente de trunco. "When I have met with a smooth stone, smeared with oil, supposing a spiritual power to be connected with it, I worshipped it, paid my addresses to it, and requested blessings, "&c. Clemens Alex., Strom. lib. vii., speaks of a worshipper of every smooth stone in a proverbial way, to denote one given up to superstition. And accordingly Theophrastus has marked this as one strong feature in the character of the superstitious man: kai twn liparwn liqwn twn en taiv triodoiv pariwn, ek thv lhkuqou elaiou katacein, kai epi gonata peswn kai proskunhsav apallattesqai. "Passing by the anointed stones in the streets, he takes out his phial of oil, and pours it on them; and having fallen on his knees, and made his adorations, he departs. " Kimchi says: "When they found a beautiful polished stone in a brook or river, they paid Divine adoration to it. " This idolatry is still prevalent among the Hindoos. The stone which is the object of their adoration is called salgram.

They are found about eighty miles from the source of the river Sown, in the viceroyalty of Bahar, on the coast of Bengal. Ayeen Akbery vol. ii. p. 29.

Verse 8. "Behind the doors also and the posts hast thou set up thy remembrance "Behind the door, and the door-posts, hast thou set up thy memorial"" - That is, the image of their tutelary gods, or something dedicated to them; in direct opposition to the law of God, which commanded them to write upon the door-posts of their house, and upon their gates, the words of God's law; Deut. vi. 9; xi. 20. If they chose for them such a situation as more private, it was in defiance of a particular curse denounced in the law against the man who should make a graven or a molten image, and put it in a secret place; Deut. xxvii. 15.

An ancient MS., with another, has rja achar, without the conjunction w vau, and.

Verse 9. "And thou wentest to the king with ointment "And thou hast visited the king with a present of oil"" - That is, the king of Assyria, or Egypt. Hosea, chap, xii. 1, reproaches the Israelites for the same practice:- "They make a covenant with Assyria, And oil is carried to Egypt." It is well known, that in all parts of the east, whoever visits a great person must carry him a present. "It is counted uncivil, "says Maundreg, p. 26, "to visit in this country without an offering in hand. All great men expect it as a tribute due to their character and author ity; and look upon themselves as affronted, and indeed defrauded, when the compliment is omitted. " Hence rw shur, to visit a person, is equivalent to making him a present; and hrwt teshurah signifies a present made on such occasions; as our translators have rightly rendered it, 1 Samuel ix. 7; on which Jarchi says Menachem exponit hrwt teshurah, quod significat oblationem sive manus, ut aliquis aspiciat faciem regis, aut alicuius magnatis. "Menachem expounds hrwt teshurah of an offering or gift which is presented in order to be admitted into the presence of the king or some great man."

Verse 10. "Yet saidst thou not, There is no hope "Thou hast said, There is hope"" - In one of the MSS. at Koningsberg, collated by Lilienthal, the words trma al lo amarta, are left in the text unpointed, as suspected; and in the margin the corrector has written yrmatw vattomari. Now if we compare Jer. ii. 25 and xviii. 12, we shall find that the subject is in both places quite the same with this of Isaiah; and the sentiment expressed, that of a desperate resolution to continue at all hazards in their idolatrous practices; the very thing that in all reason we might expect here. Probably, therefore, the latter is the true reading in this place. - L.

Verse 11. "For laid it to thy heart "Nor revolved it in thy hand"" - Eight MSS., (four ancient,) and the two oldest editions, with another, add the conjunction w vau, alw velo: which is confirmed by all the ancient Versions.

"Even of old "And winked"" - For µlw[mw umeolam, which makes no good sense or construction in this place, twenty-three MSS. (seven ancient) and three editions have µl[m , (to be thus pointed µl[m malim;) paropw, Septuagint; quasi non videns, "as if not seeing, "Vulgate. See Psa. x. 1. The truth of this reading, so confirmed, admits of no doubt. In one of my own MSS. the w vau has been written, but afterwards struck out. Is it not because I was silent, and winked?

Verse 12. "Thy righteousness "My righteousness"" - For ūtqdx tsidkathech, THY righteousness, the Syriac, Septuagint, MSS. Alex. and Pachom., and i. D. II., and Marchal. and oi g, and the Arabics read yqdx tsidki, MY righteousness.

Verse 13. "Let thy companies deliver thee "Let thine associates deliver thee"" - Thirty-nine MSS. (ten ancient) of Dr. Kennicott's, and two of my own, and the two oldest editions have wklyxy yatstsiluchu, plural.

Verse 14. "And shall say "Then will I say"" - rmaw vaomer, to be pointed as the first person future. They are the words of God, as it is plain from the conclusion of the verse; my people, ym[ ammi.

Verse 15. "For thus saith the high and lofty One "For thus saith JEHOVAH, the high and the lofty"" - A MS. adds hwhy Yehovah, after rma amar, and edition Prag. 1518. So the Septuagint, Alex., and Arabic.

An ancient MS. adds hy Yah.

"With him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit" - Twelve MSS.

have ta eth, without the conjunction w vau. Pro taw veeth, forte legendum haraw veerah: confer Psa. cxiii. 5, et cxxxviii. 6. - SECKER. "We should perhaps read haraw veerah, instead of taw veeth. See Psa. cxiii. 5, and cxxxviii. 6."

Verse 16. "For I will not contend for ever" - The learned have taken a great deal of pains to little purpose on the latter part of this verses which they suppose to be very obscure. After all their labours upon it, I think the best and easiest explication of it is given in the two following elegant passages of the Psalms, which I presume are exactly parallel to it, and very clearly express the same sentiment.

"But he in his tender mercy will forgive their sin And wiil not destroy them; Yea, oftentimes will he turn away his wrath, And will not rouse up his indignation: For he remembereth that they are but flesh, A breath that passeth, and returneth not." Psalm lxxviii. 38, 39.

"He will not always contend Neither will he for ever hold his wrath: As a father yearneth towards his children, So is JEHOVAH tenderly compassionate towards them that fear him For he knoweth our frame; He remembereth that we are but dust." Psalm cxiii. 9, 13, 14.

In the former of these two passages the second line seems to be defective both in measure and sense. I suppose the word µtwa otham, then is lost at the end; which seems to be acknowledged by the Chaldee and Vulgate, who render as if they had read µtwa tyjy alw velo yaschith otham. - L.

"For the spirit" - jwr ruach, the animal life.

"And the souls" - twmn neshamoth, the immortal spirits. The Targum understands this of the resurrection. I will restore the souls of the dead, i.e., to their bodies.

Verse 17. "For the iniquity of his covetousness was I wroth "Because of his iniquity for a short time was I wroth"" - For w[xb bitso, I read [xb betsa, a little while, from [xb batsa, he cut of, as the Septuagint read and render it, bracu ti, "a certain short space. " Propter iniquitatem avaritiae ejus, "because of the iniquity of his avarice, "the rendering of the Vulgate, which our translators and I believe all others follow, is surely quite beside the purpose.

Verse 18. "I have seen his ways" - Probably these verses refer to the restoration of the Jews from captivity.

Verse 19. "I create the fruit of the lips" - "The sacrifice of praise, "saith St. Paul, Heb. xiii. 15, "is the fruit of the lips. " God creates this fruit of the lips, by giving new subject and cause of thanksgiving by his mercies conferred on those among his people, who acknowledge and bewail their transgressions, and return to him. The great subject of thanksgiving is peace-reconciliation and pardon, offered to them that are nigh, and to them that are afar off, not only to the Jew, but also to the Gentile, as St. Paul more than once applies those terms, Eph. ii. 13, 17. See also Acts ii. 39.

Peace to him that is far off "That is, to the penitent; and to him that is near, i.e., the righteous." -Kimchi.