SEV Biblia, Chapter 25:3
Cuarenta veces lo hará herir, no más; no sea que, si lo hiriere con muchos azotes a más de éstos, se envilezca tu hermano delante de tus ojos.
Clarke's Bible Commentary - Deuteronomy 25:3
Verse 3. Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed] According to God's institution a criminal may receive forty stripes; not one more! But is the institution from above or not, that for any offense sentences a man to receive three hundred, yea, a thousand stripes? What horrible brutality is this! and what a reproach to human nature, and to the nation in which such shocking barbarities are exercised and tolerated! Most of the inhabitants of Great Britain have heard of Lord Macartney's embassy to the emperor of China, and they have also heard of its complete failure; but they have not heard the cause. It appears to have been partly occasioned by the following circumstance: A soldier had been convicted of some petty traffic with one of the natives, and he was sentenced by a court-martial to receive sixty lashes! Hear my author:- "The soldiers were drawn up in form in the outer court of the place where we resided; and the poor culprit, being fastened to one of the pillars of the great portico, received his punishment without mitigation. The abhorrence excited in the breasts of the Chinese at this cruel conduct, as it appeared to them, was demonstrably proved by their words and looks. They expressed their astonishment that a people professing the mildest, the most benevolent religion on earth, as they wished to have it believed, could be guilty of such flagrant inattention to its merciful dictates. One of the principal Mandarins, who knew a little English, expressed the general sentiment, Englishmen too much cruel, too much bad."-Accurate account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, by an attendant on the embassy, l2mo., 1797, p. 88. The following is Mr. Ainsworth's note on this verse: "This number forty the Scripture uses sundry times in cases of humiliation, affliction, and punishment. As Moses twice humbled himself in fasting and prayer forty days and forty nights, chap. ix. 9, 18. Elijah fasted forty days, 1 Kings xix. 8; and our saviour, Matt. iv. 2. Forty years Israel was afflicted in the wilderness for their sins, Num. xiv. 33, 34. And forty years Egypt was desolate for treacherous dealing with Israel, Ezekiel xxix. 11-13. Forty days every woman was in purification for her uncleanness for a man-child that she bare, and twice forty days for a woman-child, Lev. xii. 4, 5.
Forty days and forty nights it rained at Noah's flood, Genesis 7: 12. Forty days did Ezekiel bear the iniquity of the house of Judah, Ezek. iv. 6. Jonah preached, Yet forty days and Nineveh shall be overthrown, Jon iii. 4. Forty years' space the Canaanites had to repent after Israel came out of Egypt, and wandered so many years in the wilderness, Num. xiv. 33. And thrice forty years the old world had Noah preaching unto them repentance, Gen. vi. 3. It was forty days ere Christ ascended into heaven after his resurrection, Acts i. 3, 9. And forty years' space he gave unto the Jews, from the time that they killed him, before he destroyed their city and temple by the Romans.
"By the Hebrews this law is expounded thus: How many stripes do they beat (an offender) with? With forty, lacking one: as it is written, (ver. 2, 3,) by number forty, that is, the number which is next to forty, Talmud Bab, in Maccoth, chap. 3. This their understanding is very ancient, for so they practiced in the apostles' days; as Paul testified: Of the Jews five times received I forty (stripes) save one; 2 Cor. xi. 24. But the reason which they give is not solid; as when they say, If it had been written FORTY IN NUMBER, I would say it were full forty; but being written IN NUMBER FORTY, it means the number which reckons forty next after it, that is, thirty-nine. By this exposition they confound the verses and take away the distinction. I rather think this custom was taken up by reason of the manner of their beating forespoken of, which was with a scourge that had three cords, so that every stroke was counted for three stripes, and then they could not give even forty, but either thirty-nine or forty- two, which was above the number set of God. And hereof they write thus: When they judge (or condemn) a sinner to so many (stripes) as he can bear, they judge not but by strokes that are fit to be trebled [that is, to give three stripes to one stroke, by reason of the three cords.] If they judge that he can bear twenty, they do not say he shall be beaten with one and twenty, to the end that they may treble the stripes, but they give him eighteen. - Maimon in Sanhedrin, chap. xvii., sec. 2. Thus he that was able to bear twenty stripes, had but eighteen: the executioner smote him but six times, for if he had smitten him the seventh they were counted one and twenty stripes, which was above the number adjudged: so he that was adjudged to forty was smitten thirteen times, which being counted one for three, make thirty-nine. And so R. Bechaios, writing hereof, says, The strokes are trebled; that is, every one is three, and three times thirteen are nine and thirty." Thy brother be vile, or be contemptible. - By this God teaches us to hate and despise the sin, not the sinner, who is by this chastisement to be amended; as the power which the Lord hath given is to edification, not to destruction, 2 Cor. xiii. 10.
John Gill's Bible Commentary
Ver. 3. Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed , etc.] And that this number might not be exceeded, it is ordered by the Jewish canons that only thirty nine should be given; for it is asked f443 , “with how many stripes do they beat him? with forty, save one, as it is said, in number “forty” that is, in the number which is next to forty;” this they make out by joining the last word of ( Deuteronomy 25:2) with the first of this; and that this was an ancient sense of the law, and custom upon it, appears by the execution of it on the Apostle Paul; who was not indulged, but suffered the extremity of it as it was then understood, (see Gill on “ 2 Corinthians 11:24”); moreover, that they might not exceed this number, they used to make a scourge of three lashes, so that every strike they fetched with it was reckoned for three stripes, and thirteen of them made thirty nine; wherefore if they added another stroke, it would have exceeded the number of stripes by two: lest [if] he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes ; they might diminish them, if a man was weak, and not able to bear them; but they might not exceed them, if a man was as strong as Samson, as Maimonides says: then thy brother should seem vile unto thee ; as if he was a beast, and not a man, and much less a brother. The Targum of Jonathan is, “lest he be in danger, and thy brother be vile;” lest he be in danger of his life, and become vile, as a dead carcass; so the apostle calls dead bodies “vile bodies”, ( Philippians 3:21); or in danger of being maimed, and becoming lame or deformed, and so be contemptible: and this punishment of beating with the Jews was not reckoned, according to their writers, reproachful, and as fixing a brand of infamy upon a person; but they were still reckoned brethren, and restored to their former dignities, whatsoever they possessed; so Maimonides says, “whoever commits a crime, and is beaten, he returns to his dignity, as it is said, “lest thy brother be vile in thine eyes”; when he is beaten, lo, he is thy brother; an high priest, that commits a crime, is beaten by three (i.e. a bench of three judges, by their order), as the rest of all the people, and he returns to his grandeur; but the head of the session (or court of judicature), that commits a crime, they beat him, but he does not return to his principality, nor even return to be as one of the rest of the sanhedrim; for they ascend in holiness, but do not descend.”
And yet Josephus represents it as a most infamous and scandalous punishment, as one would think indeed it should be; his words are f446 , speaking of the laws concerning travellers being allowed to gather grapes, and pluck ears of corn as they passed; “he that does contrary to these laws receives forty stripes, save one, with a public scourge; a free man undergoes this most filthy (or disgraceful) punishment, because for the sake of gain he reproaches his dignity.”
Matthew Henry Commentary
Verses 1-3 - Every punishment should be with solemnity, that those who see it may be filled with dread, and be warned not to offend in like manner. An though the criminals must be shamed as well as put to pain, for their warning and disgrace, yet care should be taken that they do not appea totally vile. Happy those who are chastened of the Lord to humble them that they should not be condemned with the world to destruction.
Original Hebrew
ארבעים 705 יכנו 5221 לא 3808 יסיף 3254 פן 6435 יסיף 3254 להכתו 5221 על 5921 אלה 428 מכה 4347 רבה 7227 ונקלה 7034 אחיך 251 לעיניך׃ 5869
